tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-58584411458738205172024-03-06T11:44:47.592+08:00喵比豹談人文不過就是一抹紅,在牆,貓掌拖拉,幾滴在床頭formosanerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02414754260824769522noreply@blogger.comBlogger63125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5858441145873820517.post-64988003967067869372020-02-04T19:45:00.000+08:002020-02-04T19:45:11.529+08:00台語的母音與子音六個母音:<br />
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>a</th>
<th>e</th>
<th>i</th>
<th>u</th>
<th>o</th>
<th>oo</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody></tbody>
</table>
<ul>
<li>唸法(由左至右)請點選以下音檔:</li>
</ul>
<div class="red">
<br />
<a name='more'></a><br /><br />
請反覆聆聽,直到你建立起聲音與符號的連結。</div>
<iframe height="170" src="https://clyp.it/43amnjk3/widget" width="80%"></iframe><br />
<ul>
<li>這六個母音之中有四個母音,他們的後方如果加上<strong>nn</strong>,表示他們帶有鼻音的成分。這些母音稱之為<em>鼻化韻母</em>。他們的符號如下表所示:</li>
</ul>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>ann</th>
<th>enn</th>
<th>inn</th>
<th>onn</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody></tbody>
</table>
<ul>
<li>唸法(由左至右)請點選以下音檔:</li>
</ul>
<div class="red">
請反覆聆聽,直到你建立起聲音與符號的連結。</div>
<iframe height="170" src="https://clyp.it/lpc2i44o/widget" width="80%"></iframe><br />
<h2 id="十七個子音">
十七個子音:</h2>
<ul>
<li>表格中並依據每一個子音的發音部位特徵將他們分為橫列四組。</li>
</ul>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th></th>
<th style="text-align: center;">無送氣</th>
<th style="text-align: center;">送氣</th>
<th style="text-align: center;">鼻音</th>
<th style="text-align: center;">有聲</th>
<th style="text-align: center;">摩擦</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>嘴唇</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">p</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">ph</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">m</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">b</td>
<td style="text-align: center;"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>舌尖</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">t</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">th</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">n</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">l</td>
<td style="text-align: center;"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>舌根</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">k</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">kh</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">ng</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">g</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">h</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>舌面</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">ts</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">tsh</td>
<td style="text-align: center;"></td>
<td style="text-align: center;">j</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">s</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h2 id="依序示範每一組子音的發音">
依序示範每一組子音的發音</h2>
<h3 id="第一組">
第一組</h3>
<ul>
<li>
第一組為<strong>發音部位(阻擋氣流的主要部位)為嘴唇</strong>的子音(雙唇音)<br />
<ul>
<li>這一組子音在發音時,上下嘴唇必須碰彼此,如下圖所示。
<img alt="" src="https://i.imgur.com/JsSPUba.png" width="30%" /></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
請點選以下按鈕,聽每一組的示範發音。<br />
</li>
</ul>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th></th>
<th style="text-align: center;">無送氣</th>
<th style="text-align: center;">送氣</th>
<th style="text-align: center;">鼻音</th>
<th style="text-align: center;">有聲</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>嘴唇</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">p</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">ph</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">m</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">b</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<div class="red">
(由左至右)請反覆聆聽,直到你建立起聲音與符號的連結。</div>
<iframe height="170" src="https://clyp.it/uxcaip0m/widget" width="80%"></iframe><br />
<hr />
<h3 id="第二組">
第二組</h3>
<ul>
<li>第二組為<strong>發音部位(阻擋氣流的主要部位)為舌尖</strong>的子音(舌尖音)
<ul>
<li>這一組子音在發音時,舌尖必須先往上抵住上排牙齒後方,之後又快速降回原位,參考Youtube影片示範子音<em>th</em>的動畫。
<span class="youtube" data-videoid="f3PzY9x0GzI"><img src="//img.youtube.com/vi/f3PzY9x0GzI/hqdefault.jpg" /><i class="icon fa fa-youtube-play fa-5x"></i></span></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>請點選以下按鈕,聽每一組的示範發音。</li>
</ul>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th></th>
<th style="text-align: center;">無送氣</th>
<th style="text-align: center;">送氣</th>
<th style="text-align: center;">鼻音</th>
<th style="text-align: center;">有聲</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>舌尖</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">t</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">th</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">n</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">l</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<div class="red">
(由左至右)請反覆聆聽,直到你建立起聲音與符號的連結。</div>
<iframe height="170" src="https://clyp.it/zkw0jxgd/widget" width="80%"></iframe><br />
<hr />
<h3 id="第三組">
第三組</h3>
<ul>
<li>第三組為<strong>發音部位(阻擋氣流的主要部位)為舌根</strong>的子音(舌根音)
<ul>
<li>這一組子音在發音時,舌根必須先往上,之後又快速降回原位,參考Youtube影片示範子音<em>g</em>的動畫。</li>
<li><strong>這個子音 g 對於不常講台語或台語初學者經常是非常困難的發音</strong>,只有透過勤加練習才能掌握。
<span class="youtube" data-videoid="iVPtWNUVGPA"><img src="//img.youtube.com/vi/iVPtWNUVGPA/hqdefault.jpg" /><i class="icon fa fa-youtube-play fa-5x"></i></span></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>請點選以下按鈕,聽每一組的示範發音。</li>
</ul>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th></th>
<th style="text-align: center;">無送氣</th>
<th style="text-align: center;">送氣</th>
<th style="text-align: center;">鼻音</th>
<th style="text-align: center;">有聲</th>
<th style="text-align: center;">摩擦</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>舌尖</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">k</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">kh</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">ng</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">g</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">h</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<div class="red">
(由左至右)請反覆聆聽,直到你建立起聲音與符號的連結。</div>
<iframe height="170" src="https://clyp.it/q2wtcfwf/widget" width="80%"></iframe><br />
<hr />
<h3 id="第四組">
第四組</h3>
<ul>
<li>第四組為<strong>發音部位(阻擋氣流的主要部位)為舌面</strong>的子音(舌面音)
<ul>
<li>這一組子音在發音時,舌面必須先往上移動貼近上排牙齒後方硬顎阻擋氣流,之後又快速降回原位。(如下圖所示)</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<img alt="" src="https://i.imgur.com/MO6oD8f.png" width="30%" /><br />
<ul>
<li>請點選以下按鈕,聽每一組的示範發音。</li>
</ul>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th></th>
<th style="text-align: center;">無送氣</th>
<th style="text-align: center;">送氣</th>
<th style="text-align: center;">有聲</th>
<th style="text-align: center;">摩擦</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>舌面</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">ts</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">tsh</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">j</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">s</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<div class="red">
(由左至右)請反覆聆聽,直到你建立起聲音與符號的連結。</div>
<iframe height="170" src="https://clyp.it/a5jvshgw/widget" width="80%"></iframe><br />
<hr />
<ul>
<li>以上是拼寫台語的六個母音符號以及十七個子音符號。</li>
<li>要掌握台語的讀寫,必須先掌握這23個符號。</li>
<li>
<div class="blue">
請所有初學者務必勤加練習!</div>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="短句練習">
短句練習</h2>
<ul>
<li>底下列出幾句短句,初學者可以不用理會句子裡面的聲調符號,試著把以上所學的母音和子音結合著唸出來。
<ol>
<li>A-má kà a-pa Lô-má-jī.</li>
<li>A-hiann kà sió-muāi tshīng ê-á.</li>
<li>A-koo hōo guá tsa̍p-khoo.</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="red">
(由上而下)請反覆聆聽,直到你建立起聲音與符號的連結。</div>
<iframe height="170" src="https://clyp.it/biasg5nc/widget" width="80%"></iframe>
formosanerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02414754260824769522noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5858441145873820517.post-13658466674932204112020-02-02T08:51:00.000+08:002020-02-04T18:22:56.242+08:00台語漢字與羅馬字拼寫比較<h1 id="漢字與羅馬字拼寫比較">
漢字與羅馬字拼寫比較</h1>
<ul>
<li>台語的文字書寫紀錄至少可以追朔到十九世紀末期。 </li>
<a name='more'></a><br />
<li>同一個語系的戲劇劇本如《荔鏡記》《金花女》《蘇六娘》《同窗琴書記》都是至少在大明帝國時期就已經流傳在廣東的潮州到福建南方的戲劇。</li>
<li>對台灣影響較大的為《荔鏡記》和《同窗琴書記》,前者演變為歌仔戲四大齣之一的陳三五娘,後者則為家喻戶曉的三伯英台。</li>
</ul>
<br />
<br />
<li>最早的台語書寫紀錄是以與日文或中文相同的漢字作為表記符號。</li>
<li><strong>歌仔冊</strong>是用漢字寫成的台語韻文,是唸謠說書人的故事文本。</li>
<li><strong>臺灣府城教會報</strong>是用羅馬字拼寫、印刷以及出版的報紙。
<ul>
<li>這種早期的羅馬字拼寫,正式名稱是<strong>白話字</strong>。</li>
<li>十九世紀,白話字隨著傳教士進入台灣。</li>
<li>《臺灣府城教會報》於1885年印刷出版,是台灣第一份報紙。</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>漢字與羅馬字拼寫是兩種各自平行發展的台語書寫。</li>
<br />
<h2 id="漢字書寫台語的缺點">
漢字書寫台語的缺點</h2>
<ul>
<li>
考察早期以漢字書寫的戲劇劇本,以及台灣的歌仔冊,我們發現台語中的漢字分為以下幾類:<br />
<ul>
<li>
本字:<br />
<ul>
<li>即在語言演化過程中,與官話(明:南京話,今:北京話)有共同遠祖的<em>字</em>。</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
借音字:<br />
<ul>
<li>採用發音相同或相近的<em>字</em>來書寫口語音節。</li>
<li>比如歌仔冊中的一句:<span class="blue" style="color: blue;">來者共恁恰怎座</span>,這句話中的<span style="color: blue;">者、恰、怎座</span>,都屬借音字。(點按下圖,聽聽這句話怎麼唸,跟你想的一不一樣 <img alt=":smirk:" class="emoji" src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/emojify.js/1.1.0/images/basic/smirk.png" title=":smirk:" />)</li>
</ul>
<div class="center">
<iframe height="170" src="https://clyp.it/au0xh0je/widget" width="100%"></iframe></div>
</li>
<li>
借意字:<br />
<ul>
<li>所謂借意字,就是採用該漢字在官話中的意義,而不去管它的發音是否與台語相近。</li>
<li>比如收錄在<em>台灣間文學集</em>裡面的台灣民間歌謠中有一句是這樣寫的:<span class="blue" style="color: blue;">飼查某子不可嫁燕霧大庄</span>,這句話裡面的<span style="color: blue;">子、不可</span>,都是借意字。(點按下圖,聽聽這句話怎麼唸,跟你想的一不一樣 <img alt=":smirk:" class="emoji" src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/emojify.js/1.1.0/images/basic/smirk.png" title=":smirk:" />)</li>
</ul>
<div class="center">
<iframe height="170" src="https://clyp.it/pwinzw2z/widget" width="100%"></iframe></div>
</li>
<li>
新造字/俗寫字:<br />
<ul>
<li>新造字是指僅適用於台語而依據漢字造字法製造出來的<em>字</em>,比如 <img alt="" src="https://i.imgur.com/YTd3ZVY.jpg" width="8%" />
這個字(無論使用倉頡或者注音這些為官話設計的輸入法都無法打出這個字)。</li>
<li>另外有些所謂的俗寫字,指的是民間常用而與官方常用漢字外型不一樣的字,比如<em>姐</em>這個字,台語傳統上多寫為<em>姉</em>。</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
由於台語的書寫教育並未普及,加上各家幾乎都有自己選擇漢字書寫台語的標準(以至於台語漢字的使用混亂不一),更因為必須要新造大量漢字才能完整的表達台語,導致漢字書寫從古至今一直都未能滿足台語書面文的需求。<br />
</li>
<li>
由於台灣民間的壓力,中華民國教育部在2006年的時候公佈了<em><strong>台灣閩南語羅馬字拼音方案</strong></em>(以下簡稱台閩羅),並在隨後的幾年陸續公告了書寫台語的<em><strong>推薦漢字</strong></em>,然而,這些推薦漢字雖然是由所謂專家擬定,但並沒有得到台語使用者的一致認同,因此直到今天,台語漢字的使用仍然莫衷一是。<br />
</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="台閩羅與白話字的比較">
台閩羅與白話字的比較</h2>
<ul>
<li>
從歷史和資源兩方面比較,這兩套書寫系統有如下主要差異:<br />
<ul>
<li>白話字的書寫歷史可追朔至十九世紀末,而台閩羅是2006年才誕生。</li>
<li>白話字的使用者一直都是民間社群,而台閩羅具有官方色彩並且有官方資源支持。</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
這兩套書寫系統在設計上有幾處差異。然而,學習者很容易克服其中的實際差異。下圖將其中的拼寫差異標示出來(無差異者不另外標出):<br />
</li>
</ul>
<img alt="" src="https://i.imgur.com/Ba9077a.png" style="width: 100%;" /><br />
<h2 id="漢字與羅馬字合寫">
漢字與羅馬字合寫</h2>
<ul>
<li>使用百分之百的漢字做為台語的文字,直到今天仍然存在著無法完全克服的問題。</li>
<li>相反的,完全使用羅馬字做為台語的文字,問題相對小,並且除了有白話字台語報紙之外,用白話字來寫書者,也不乏其人。
<ul>
<li>
<a href="https://buzzorange.com/2017/02/03/four-books-preserved-the-mother-language/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">四本台語白話字醫學書。</a><br />
</li>
<li>
使用羅馬字(白話字或台閩羅)來書寫台語會遇到的主要問題是:<em>當同音字出現時,僅根據發音拼寫不容易分辨跟識讀</em>。<br />
<ul>
<li>在以白話字為主印行的教會公報中,為了解決白話字有時不易識讀的問題,其方法是在白話字之後加註漢字。如下圖所示:</li>
</ul>
<div class="center">
<img src="https://i.imgur.com/J4UrPHb.png" style="width: 100%;" />
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="falign">
<h6 id="圖為白雲居士1927年發表於《芥菜子》的〈斷腸詩〉部分">
圖為白雲居士1927年發表於《芥菜子》的〈斷腸詩〉部分</h6>
</div>
日治時代的台灣文學家鄭坤五在1930年的雜誌《南音》上曾表示:「…<mark>從來音字的缺憾,教學先生也不得不擱筆了。所以寫音的字不如<strong>羅馬字</strong>的利便…但來補助卻好,若全用代漢字,我便不贊成</mark>…」<br />
<ul>
<li>台語書寫便逐漸向漢字與羅馬字合寫(漢羅濫)發展。</li>
<li>漢羅濫的書寫,一方面克服了漢字難以表達的台語音,另一方面也克服了拼寫的識讀困難。</li>
<li>漢羅濫也提供了很好的台語教學途徑:
<ul>
<li><span class="red">初學者從羅馬字拼寫入手,可以很快掌握台語的聽跟說。</span></li>
<li><span class="red">羅馬字嫻熟之後,再學習常用漢字,更收事半功倍之效。</span></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>底下是一篇漢羅濫的文章,試試看,你能不能順利閱讀呢?<img alt=":wink:" class="emoji" src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/emojify.js/1.1.0/images/basic/wink.png" title=":wink:" /></li>
</ul>
<img alt="" src="https://i.imgur.com/20wO7NC.png" width="100%" />
formosanerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02414754260824769522noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5858441145873820517.post-43240045164541324732018-08-09T20:03:00.000+08:002018-08-09T20:03:08.643+08:00台語迷思(四)<span style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 17px; font-weight: 700; white-space: pre-wrap;">4. 華語語詞,台語中一定有對應的詞彙</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 17px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: Georgia, serif;">身為一個相對有較多專業的台語工作者,經常會被學生或路人甲乙丙丁問到:「這個XX ,台語怎麼講?」說穿了,這類問題就是:XX的華語是這樣講的,那要怎麼用台語來講呢?這類問題的背後有一個基本假設:華語跟台語,應該要能夠對應才對!</span></span><br />
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「華台語對應」是一個很普遍的對台語的迷思。要破解他,且讓我們先來看一個例子:<b>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><a name='more'></a><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: 17px; white-space: pre-wrap;">小明剛學英語的時候,常常會問老師一些問題,比方,蘋果的英語怎麼說?時鐘的英語怎麼說?老師總會笑嘻嘻地回答他這些問題。</span></span></span></div>
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等到小明長大了,有一天朋友請他把一首唐詩翻譯成英文,「這個,英語怎麼說?」英語老師一看也傻眼,因為這個句子是:「花徑不曾緣客掃,蓬門今始為君開」;到底是要逐字翻譯呢?還是要把其中隱喻也翻譯出來?華語跟英語能夠整齊的對應嗎?
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: 17px; white-space: pre-wrap;">***
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: 17px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #1d2129;">小明剛學英語的時候,不知道蘋果、時鐘的英語怎麼說,是因為他</span><span style="color: red;">缺乏</span><span style="color: #1d2129;">這些英語的詞彙。同樣的道理,有些詞彙,人們知道華語怎麼說,卻不知道台語要怎麼說,這是因為缺乏台語詞彙的緣故。比如以下幾個華語詞彙:逃學、輟學、交易熱絡、嬰兒車、木棉樹、樹叢;對於台語詞彙夠豐富的人,要把這些詞彙轉換成台語詞彙是非常輕鬆的事情。
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: 17px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #1d2129;">所以,</span><span style="color: blue;">通常沒有辦法將華語已知的名詞以台語表達,是因為台語詞彙的缺乏導致</span><span style="color: #1d2129;">。不過,這並不是答案的全部;且讓我們看看小明長大後遭遇的唐詩中翻英難題。
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: 17px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #1d2129;">「花徑不曾緣客掃,蓬門今始為君開」的英語翻譯有很多種不同的版本,有的只是照字面上的意思翻譯,有的會顧及詩的隱喻;但是不管怎樣翻譯,都做不到百分之百的格律翻譯以及比喻隱喻的完整表達。換句話說,華語跟英語是無法整齊對應的,要不然,就可以</span><span style="color: red;">完美翻譯</span><span style="color: #1d2129;">了呀!
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: 17px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #1d2129;">華語的一些句子,甚至簡單到一個單詞,要用台語表達的話,其實</span><span style="color: blue;">等同於「翻譯」</span><span style="color: #1d2129;">。因為,華語跟台語是兩種不同的語言,不同語言也等於不同的世界觀。舉個例子,華語的「藍色」,台語怎麼說?如果你以為台語說「藍」等於華語說「藍」那就錯很大了!
舉個稍微複雜一點的例子:「蘿蔔與棍子」這句包含隱喻(軟硬兼施)的華語短句,台語怎麼說?字面上直譯就會失去隱喻而變成不倫不類的怪台語了...
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: 17px; white-space: pre-wrap;">~~~
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<span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="background-color: yellow; font-size: 17px; white-space: pre-wrap;">「華語跟台語,應該要能夠對應才對!」這是一個迷思,是一個錯誤的觀念。</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: 17px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #1d2129;">
華語跟台語只有</span><span style="color: red;">部分</span><span style="color: #1d2129;">能夠相互對應,這可以互相對應的部分通常是一些名詞:比方如果有人問:「</span><span style="color: blue;">黃喉貂台語怎麼說?</span><span style="color: #1d2129;">」那我可以回答:「</span><span style="color: blue;">羌仔虎。</span><span style="color: #1d2129;">」</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: 17px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #1d2129;">
上面列舉的幾個名詞也可以有這些對應:</span></span></span></span></div>
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<ul style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: pre-wrap;">
<li><b>逃學:cháu-o̍h(走學)</b></li>
<li><b>輟學:soah-chu(soah書)</b></li>
<li><b>交易熱絡:seng-lí ka-ia̍h (生理ka-ia̍h)</b></li>
<li><b>嬰兒車:ni-bó-chhia(奶母車)</b></li>
<li><b>木棉樹:pan-chi(斑芝)</b></li>
<li><b>樹叢:nâ-pô͘ (林苞)</b></li>
</ul>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: pre-wrap;">小明有一天看到一個阿伯衣服濕透地從他面前走過,忍不住自言自語:「<b>伊身軀是kōaⁿ水抑是雨水</b>?」</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: 17px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: pre-wrap;">覺得好笑嗎?如果不知道笑點在哪,讓我告訴你:因為小明將華語的「汗水」直譯成台語,變成「kōaⁿ水」;但是,汗水在台語中,只要說「汗(kōaⁿ)」就可以了。「kōaⁿ水」通常是指華語的「水腫」。</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: 17px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: pre-wrap;">即使名詞在華語台語之間通常可以找到對應,但在對譯時,也</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: red;">不可以</span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: pre-wrap;">直接的一個字一個字對應著翻譯喔!</span><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: 17px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: pre-wrap;">~~~</span><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: 17px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: pre-wrap;">至於動詞跟形容詞,因為牽涉到語言使用者對這個世界的看法,他們往往很難在不同語言中有完美的對應。參看以下台語華語的幾個動詞比較:</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghrrGcFo3JzBKGHqmTYT8ccvrOOK5NvUm5hiAas5AU2HkAs6GF9SUGl-70JYE0kbMdzFegBBZcpbVRbWfsmP0HzuEU7YVztD0NR1O13Y-caun079BnCs5WKiTKjVgUpm7z_mqQFkWyVQ_J/s1600/38485804_10155901797338528_5352004132465016832_n.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="359" data-original-width="773" height="296" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghrrGcFo3JzBKGHqmTYT8ccvrOOK5NvUm5hiAas5AU2HkAs6GF9SUGl-70JYE0kbMdzFegBBZcpbVRbWfsmP0HzuEU7YVztD0NR1O13Y-caun079BnCs5WKiTKjVgUpm7z_mqQFkWyVQ_J/s640/38485804_10155901797338528_5352004132465016832_n.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 17px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: Georgia, serif;">台語跟華語之間詞彙的對應可能是一對多,一對一,多對一,或者無對應。</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 17px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: Georgia, serif;">
許多人問的:「XX台語怎麼講?」經常是兩種語言彼此無對應的情形。碰到語言之間無對應的情形,華語這樣講,<b>要翻譯成台語,就必須先知道華語的意思,掌握台語的語法、構詞規則,再進行翻譯,這樣才不會變成字面翻譯的怪台語</b> - 完全按照華文漢字硬翻或者僅就華語表面意思翻譯。比如「蘿蔔與棍子」,台語可不能講成「âng-chhài-thâu kap chhôe-á(紅菜頭kap箠仔)」,而是剛好有一句適合的台語諺語可對應:「ia̍h tio̍h chhôe, ia̍h tio̍h moâi(抑著箠,抑著糜)」(假如這句台語你還是看不懂,那就真的是您台語知識的缺乏了)</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 17px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: Georgia, serif;">
許多人問的:「XX台語怎麼講?」常常是華語在現代中產生的新詞彙,但台語仍然缺乏這些詞彙。這時的問題就是「</span><span style="color: red; font-family: Georgia, serif;">台語需要新創詞彙</span><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: Georgia, serif;">」了!
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<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 17px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: Georgia, serif;">台語若需要新創詞彙時,依然要依循「先了解新詞彙的意義(不管是來自華語、英語或其他語言的詞彙),再依照台語本身的語言邏輯設計新詞彙」。
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<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 17px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: Georgia, serif;">~~~</span></span></div>
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</span><span style="background-color: yellow;">說到底:「XX台語怎麼講?」,大抵來自三種情形 - 台語詞彙缺乏,台語新創詞彙的缺乏,或是硬要找出一對一的台華語對應。</span><span style="background-color: white;">
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<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 17px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Georgia, serif;">硬要找出一對一的台華語對應是最為錯誤的台語迷思,但通常有這種迷思的人,本身的台語詞彙也是非常缺乏的。</span><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: Georgia, serif;">
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<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 17px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: Georgia, serif;">恐怕有不少人有另一種迷思,認為「台語新創詞彙的缺乏,是因為台語是一種不適合現代的語言。」但其實,「<b>任何的語言都可以用來表達任何的思想、知識、技術等等,即使他們用來表達的方式不同</b>」。</span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Georgia, serif;">台語新創詞彙的缺乏是因為台語的使用受到長期壓制所導致的結果</span><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: Georgia, serif;">,台語的使用在近代從教育場所、公共場所、媒體直到家庭,受到制度性且全面性的壓制;這部分相關深入討論非常多,我就不在此多言了。
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<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 17px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: Georgia, serif;">~~~
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<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 17px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: Georgia, serif;">下次,當你要問「XX台語怎麼講?」時,先想想,自己是不是在找台華語對應?是不是陷入了語言對應的迷思陷阱?「XX台語怎麼講?」的XX是不是台語本有的,在地的講法?或者,你其實需要的是華語翻譯成台語的表達方式?</span></span></div>
formosanerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02414754260824769522noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5858441145873820517.post-50919049703728253892018-06-14T16:38:00.002+08:002018-06-14T16:38:33.744+08:00談談台語的siâu<div class="_2cuy _3dgx _2vxa" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; margin: 0px auto 28px; width: 700px; word-wrap: break-word;">
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<span style="color: #1d2129; white-space: pre-wrap;">台語的 siâu 就是 精液 的意思。siâu當作名詞這樣解釋沒有什麼爭議。不過:目siâu,hau-siâu,孽siâu,㤉siâu,創啥siâu,插siâu,衰siâu,這些Xsiâu的siâu,還是原來那個siâu嗎?在台語文相關領域中曾經有過這些爭議,甚至,還有人費心去找出這個音對應的「漢字」以證明siâu並非不雅。</span></div>
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張裕宏教授曾這樣寫道:</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTcy_j-Iz7Vcs_X3HJKvA-QQylrvs__KHguJZOvX2OaJGA3GESxe1LjVxUM3DeuEoYN0dKHf_hG4uV8-yj57ndg7BtHVxnluhqY7FiER2uwxRmfgBfJWbP9KuivncFp_k77AnZ7EY2Uiyz/s1600/Screen+Shot+2018-06-12+at+10.09.37+PM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="125" data-original-width="557" height="140" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTcy_j-Iz7Vcs_X3HJKvA-QQylrvs__KHguJZOvX2OaJGA3GESxe1LjVxUM3DeuEoYN0dKHf_hG4uV8-yj57ndg7BtHVxnluhqY7FiER2uwxRmfgBfJWbP9KuivncFp_k77AnZ7EY2Uiyz/s640/Screen+Shot+2018-06-12+at+10.09.37+PM.png" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: #1d2129;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">簡單的說,siâu作為名詞時,有實詞義,就是精液的意思。作為Xsiâu的siâu,是一個後綴(suffix),是語法成分,實詞義已經弱化或虛化。從siâu到Xsiâu的siâu,是這個詞素的語法化(grammaticalization)。</span></div>
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<span style="color: #1d2129;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">像這樣的例子在台語中並不少見,舉另一個例子:thâu(頭)。thâu的實詞意是指「頭部」的意思,像是人頭、魚頭、狗頭。thâu語法化 - thâu的意思弱化,出現位置固定,變身為後綴。thâu後綴,可用來表示端點,如:目眉頭、肩胛頭、褲頭;集合處或聚集處,如:興頭、風頭、力頭、症頭;起始處(來源處),如火車頭、水道頭、電火頭。</span></div>
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<span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">上例的「火車頭」有個小小的爭議。目前,大多數台語的使用者都認為「火車頭」是指火車車站(一列火車的頭,則稱作「車母」或是「機關車」)。不過,有個台語研究個前輩統計了台語白話字的文本資料指出,過去確實也有人以「火車頭」來指稱一列火車的最前端、駕駛座的那一節,雖然這種用法是相對少數的用法。</span></div>
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<span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">如果,「火車頭」是指一列火車的頭,那麼這個「頭」則是保有它原來實詞義的用法。而若「火車頭」是指火車車站,則這個「頭」已經語法化成為後綴,實詞義已經弱化了。「火車頭」在歷史文獻上曾經以保留實詞義的用法出現過,而現在我們已經不再這樣使用,而是把這個詞彙中的「頭」當作後綴,這是「頭」語法化過程的明證,也讓大家看到了「頭」語意的轉變。</span></div>
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<span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">Traugott (1988) 曾以語用為基礎提出語意變遷理論,大意如下:說話者或寫作者在某個語境下為了解決他們自己所面對的問題,而使用原意為X的詞彙,傳達帶有隱喻Y的意涵給閱聽者 - 此種某語境下的語用,仍然是「未定著的」,可以被「取消的」- 倘使這種語用沒有被取消,一段時間過後,達至社會共識時並制約化(conventionalized) 就會促成語意的轉變。若某一詞彙的原語意和轉變後的新語意同時共存,這就會造成該詞彙的多義性(polysemy)。 </span></div>
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<span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">語用驅動的語意轉變,除了是對多義性現象的一種解釋外,它也解釋了實詞虛化,也就是語法化,的動力。</span></div>
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<span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">上述實詞「頭」轉變為後綴「頭」是支持這個理論的一個好例子。</span></div>
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<span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">回過頭來看「siâu」。這個詞彙的語意確實也走在語法化的路上,不過,似乎不是每個說台語的人都同意「siâu」可以沒有問題的做為後綴使用;套用上述張裕宏教授的說法,「siâu」作為後綴是表示一種情緒的宣洩。但是「siâu」的實詞義實在太強烈了啊,以至於即使語法化削弱了「siâu」的意思,也仍然不是每個人都能接受Xsiâu這樣的講法。hau-siâu經常就被hau-la̍k取代呢!</span></div>
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<span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">「siâu」仍然沒有走完語法化的路程,沒有到達制約化的終點,Xsiâu後綴還是有可能被取消的。</span></div>
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<span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">ps. (謎之音)誒...那個,「siâu」的漢字到底要怎麼寫啊?......怎麼寫不重要啦,了解語意和語用才是重點喔!</span></div>
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formosanerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02414754260824769522noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5858441145873820517.post-57533144301388034362018-05-15T12:40:00.001+08:002018-05-15T12:40:17.209+08:00認識台語第三課:簡介台語的後綴<span style="color: blue;">台語的人稱代名詞</span><br />
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台語的人稱代名詞,單數的型態都是單純詞(simple words),而複數型態則是合成詞(compound words)。如表三所示:單數的我、你、他,台語是góa, lí, i,而複數的型態則是在這些詞根(root)的後方再加上一個後綴「n」,形成goán/gún, lín, in,以及包含說話者的「我們」:lán。華語的「們」也是一個後綴,可以附加在人稱代名詞之後或其他人稱之後而形成複數,但是台語的「n」的生產力非常有限,只能夠附加在你我他這類人稱代名詞之後。<br />
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從這個簡單的分析中,我們可以看出,台語雖然被歸類為孤立語(isolating languages):也就是相對缺乏詞形變化的語言,但其實它還是有詞形變化,只是不像德語、匈牙利語等等歐洲語言的詞形變化那麼豐富。我們必須要從「詞素」的概念著手才容易分析詞形變化,以及台語的各種語言特徵;「漢字」並不容易做到這些分析。<br /></div>
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以下,我們簡單來談一下相對於生產力非常受到限制的後綴 n ,生產力相當旺盛的後綴:á。</div>
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<span style="color: blue;">台語的後綴: á</span></div>
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<br />á,漢字一般寫成「仔」,它本身無法獨立表現語意,但是可以跟別的詞素結合,行使特定的語法功能。</div>
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最常見的用法是 á 作為名詞後綴。 á後綴是一個是一個衍生詞素(derivational morpheme),它會改變原來名詞的意思而產生新詞彙,新詞彙可以作為詞幹(shoot),跟其它的詞素結合,再產生新的合成詞(compound words)。表四列舉出部分的例詞:</div>
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一般而言,á 附加在名詞之後會產生兩種效果。第一種是語意完全改變產生新詞彙,如表四中的「娘」:意思是指母親,或者對婦人的尊稱,而「娘仔」則是指蠶。第二種則是更普遍的功用,加上後綴以後的新詞是和詞根的語意相關的詞彙,如表四中的「狗仔」是小狗之意,「會仔」是指民間互助會(「會」指的是聚集、討論、互助之意),而「娘仔」除了蠶以外,也可指未出嫁的姑娘(通常用在歌曲中)。</div>
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表四中有兩個詞比較不一樣,gín-á(小孩子)和chhit-á(女朋友)。這兩個詞彙都是由 詞素+á 構成,但是,gín-á的gín以及chhit-á的chhit均無法單獨出場,他只要出場後面一定跟著後綴á。這一類本身無法單獨出場,但可以附加詞綴在其上的,稱之為黏著詞根(bound root)。</div>
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整體而言,名詞加上後綴 á,會讓原名詞改變為較年輕、較小、較可愛的名詞,這種功用是所謂的小稱(dimunitive)。由小稱功用的延伸,名詞加上後綴 á 可以用在親屬名稱,或表示親近意,如:</div>
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<li>sun-á (孫仔,指孫或姪子)</li>
<li>kū-á (舅仔,妻舅、小舅子)</li>
<li>a-tī-á (阿弟仔,年紀比自己小很多的小男孩)</li>
<li>sin-pū-á (新婦仔,童養媳)</li>
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也具有輕視的作用,比如以下的:</div>
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<li>kéng-chhat-á (對警察的蔑稱)</li>
<li>jiàu-pê-á (內奸,間諜)</li>
<li>sió-thiú-á (小丑仔,輕浮的人)</li>
<li>Chiúⁿ Kài-chio̍h-á (對蔣介石的蔑稱)</li>
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形容詞或動詞加上後綴 á 也可以用來泛指一個群體,並且帶有輕視的意思,如:</div>
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<li>pak-á (北仔,指戰後渡台的中國難民)</li>
<li>hoan-á (番仔,指原住民,指其未開化)</li>
<li>hoàn-á (販仔,小販)</li>
<li>chò-kang-á (做工仔,體力勞動的勞工)</li>
<li>Tiong-kok-á (中國仔,小中國)</li>
<li>chhit-thô-á (不良少年)</li>
<li>làu-si̍t-á (落翼仔,流鶯)</li>
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á 後綴加在動詞之後,可使動詞名詞化(nominalization),產生新的名詞。在表五中列舉出一些動詞名詞化的例子。</div>
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無論是動詞名詞化,或是改變名詞的意思,都是台語用來產生新的名詞的方法之一。由於 á 的生產力旺盛,可以附加在大部分的名詞或動詞之後,因此善用 +á 構詞,可以創造出更多新的台語詞彙。</div>
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á 後綴也可以加在雙音節程度副詞之後,使副詞的程度增強(若副詞詞根的意思是輕微得,則加上á則是讓程度更輕微)。如表六:</div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: pre-wrap;">á 後綴也可以加在疊字形容詞之後而變成可以修飾動詞的副詞。如表七:</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 17px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: Georgia, serif;">歸納起來,á 作為後綴的主要功能是修飾詞根或詞幹的「程度」:名詞+á,變得比詞根名詞層次矮一截,也就是小稱;動詞+á,動作會變為靜態貌,詞性轉變為名詞;程度副詞+á,原程度可能增加,或者減輕;疊字形容詞+á,則詞性轉變為可修飾動詞的副詞,而這些修飾語通常也都跟「程度」有關。</span></span></div>
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</span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Georgia, serif;">形態特徵的相對性</span><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: Georgia, serif;">
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<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 17px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: Georgia, serif;">本章節的最前面提到,台語是一種孤立語(也叫做分析語,analytic languages),華語、越南語、薩摩亞語(samoan)以及世界上很多語言都屬於這個分類。這種語言分類的方式是根據語言的形態特徵:意思是詞彙在句子中會不會變形 - 聲音改變,或者加上詞綴等等,都是詞彙的「變形」,而這種變形通常在句子中具有重要的文法功用。
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<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 17px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: Georgia, serif;">另外有一群語言叫做黏著語(agglutinative languages),這種語言的特徵是:他們的詞彙經常是由很多的小單位 - 每個單位(詞綴)對應單一的功能 - 黏在一起形成的。像是土耳其語、芬蘭語、日語、韓語以及非洲的Swahili都屬於這種。以下來看看日語和芬蘭語的例子:</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 17px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: Georgia, serif;">語言的型態分類都是相對的。也就是說,語言的形態特徵只有多或少的差異,而不是絕對的有或沒有。台語不是黏著語,所以大部分的詞彙並不像黏著語這樣由一個一個小單位構成。但是,台語有沒有黏著語的特徵呢?以gín-á為例,看表八:gín詞根,附加後綴 á,形成一個字 gín-á,而這個字同時也是詞幹(stem),也就是 gín-á 可以再附加其他的自由詞素,或者再加上其他後綴,形成新的字彙:</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 17px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: Georgia, serif;">注意表八中的gín-á,gín-á-thâu和gín-á-thâu-á,他們的結構是:詞根+後綴,詞根+後綴+後綴,以及詞根+後綴+後綴+後綴。這樣的結構其實就是如同黏著語一樣,一個一個單位組合形成詞彙了!</span></span></div>
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雖然把詞綴黏著在一起構成詞彙並不是台語的主要構詞法,但我們也不要完全忽略這種台語構詞的特徵!</span></span></div>
formosanerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02414754260824769522noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5858441145873820517.post-76033092561329995282018-05-15T11:33:00.000+08:002018-05-15T12:40:46.617+08:00認識台語第二課:解構漢字迷思若要以「語言」來認識「台語」,首要的是必須破除對「漢字」的迷思。<br />
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我們太習慣漢字了!以致於經常會以下這幾個迷思:<br />
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<li>每一個漢字都是一張圖(a photogram or a logogram),代表一種意思(表意,an ideogram)。</li>
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首先,漢字絕對不是「圖」;圖片,往往帶有某種言人人殊的意思,但文字則是指向某種「特定意思」的符號,同時也是指向某種「特定聲音」的符號,並且,文字是一種具有社會共識的符號,不同於「圖」所具有的高度變異性。不少人誤以為漢字是一種圖,這當然是完全錯誤的觀念。</div>
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其次,「漢字是象形字(logogram)」,這種觀念也不對。依照許慎(C.E. 58 - C.E. 124)《說文解字》將漢字依造字原則分為六大類,即「六書」:象形、指事、會意、形聲、轉注、假借。這個六書的分類法也為後世採用至今,其中除了「轉注」一類的漢字有較多爭議外,其餘五類漢字較無爭議。我們就用六書的分類來考慮漢字演變的歷史。用具體的形象設計出來的漢字,包括了象形、指事、會意這三類的字,而他們都是較早期出現的漢字。這跟世界各地的早期文字發展相吻合:用符號表達具體事物,而較少抽象思維,這是文字發展的第一步。不過,由於象形、指事、會意這三類字的符號跟口語發音較少有直接關連,並且大多是具體事物的表達,根本不夠用於表現真正的口語,所以大量的假借字就出現了:假借字是借用前三類字的符號,來表達發音相同,但意思不同的語音<span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">(許慎:...假借者,本無其字,依聲託事...)</span>;假借字的用法近似日文中的「音讀」字,或台語漢字歌仔冊的用字 - 只管發音,不管那個「字」本來的意思,而賦予其他的意思。簡單講,所謂「假借字」是百分之百的表音文字。</div>
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根據中國學者姚孝遂統計,殷商時代的甲骨文中,假借字佔了70%。</div>
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假借字雖然解決了字不夠用的問題,不過,卻帶來了同音異義的字過多,識讀不易的問題。為了解決這個問題,遂有「形聲字」的發展 - 形聲字,就是以假借字作為表達聲音的符號(聲符),在再其旁邊再加上表達意義的符號(形符),用這種方式來區別同音不同義的字。</div>
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假借字和形聲字加總起來,在現代中文的常用漢字裡,已經超過了總數的90%。漢字,如何會是象形字呢?文字必須與口語的聲音產生連結,這樣的文字才能確實有用;跟世界各地的其他文字比較,漢字毫無例外的也是這樣從原始的象形、具體,往表音、抽象發展。</div>
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漢字是表意字(ideogram),這是大眾最一般的對漢字的誤解。表意的意思是,看到漢字就知道它的意思。然而,除了跟語言無關的數學符號之外,「表意文字」事實上是不可能存在的。因為人類要能夠閱讀,必須要經過學習,而無論是漢字或者是羅馬字(a b c d...)(或其他拼寫系統),「閱讀」在大腦內部的神經活動都是經由相同的機制進行:左大腦的腹路徑(ventral pathway or “what” pathway),主功能是辨識常見文字並與聲音產生連結,以及左大腦的背路徑(dorsal pathway or “where” pathway),主要用將文字與聲音產生連結。學者針對日文(包含純表音的假名系統,和表音功能較弱的漢字系統)閱讀的研究顯示,閱讀漢字時,左大腦的腹路徑活動較旺盛,且右腦關於空間活動的區域也會有較明顯的活躍;而閱讀假名時,左大腦的背路徑活動較強,且關於聽覺辨識的神經活動也相對較活躍。這顯示了漢字和拼寫字在大腦活動中的差異,同時也指出了,閱讀雖然是視覺活動,其實是跟聽覺相關的。總之,閱讀漢字在理解意思上並不具有較高的優越性,完全不仰賴聽覺活動的「看到字,就知道意思」是不可能的。</div>
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<li>漢字就是一個一個的字。</li>
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這是一個非常普遍的迷思。</div>
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一般人看到漢字都以為是一個一個有含意的「字」,不過,像是「葡萄」「窈窕」「猩猩」呢?他們是兩個字組成的一個詞彙嗎?</div>
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我們在這邊要先拋開一般的以為,來重新定義一下字跟詞。這裡所謂的字就是「a word」,是人們在說話時可以被切割出來的具有意義的最小單位:依此定義,「葡萄」「窈窕」「猩猩」都是一個「字」(或者,稱其為詞彙也可以)。</div>
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但是,「葡萄」「窈窕」「猩猩」都可以被拆解成兩個單位,兩個符號呢!每一個符號代表一個音節,我們在說話時並不會單獨使用其中一個音節 - 因為這兩個音節必須組合在一起才能構成「說話時有意思的單位」- 這些其實是雙音節的字(雙音節的詞彙),而且因為他們不能夠再被切割了,是具有語意的最小單位,所以把它們叫做單純詞(simple word) 。</div>
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華文裡面很多單純詞都是單音節的,像是:人、天、地、花...,所以一般很容易誤解華文的每一個音節符號都等於一個字,其實華文的單純詞有單音節的、雙音節的、多音節的。</div>
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現在考慮一個情況:「我」是一個單音節的單純詞,而「我們」是一個?「我們」不是單純詞,因為它可以被切割成「我」和「們」。「我」的意思比較清楚,是單數的第一人稱代名詞,那「們」呢?「們」無法獨立使用,它一定要跟人稱名詞結合在一起才行,比如:你們、他們、人們、學生們...,「們」這種詞,就是所謂的後綴(suffix)(有些較年輕的人會把「們」的使用擴張到非人的事物上,如狗兒們、小鳥們)。</div>
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「我」和「們」,組合起來的詞叫做合成詞(compound word),而他們都是詞素(morpheme)- 也就是說話時用的「字」可以被切割出的最小的有語意功能的單位。</div>
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華文的特性就是很多單純詞是單音節的,並且它的詞彙跟詞素的比例接近1:1,以至於人們容易有華文一個符號就是一個字的錯覺啦。</div>
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<li>一個漢字就能表達形、音、意。</li>
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對於自由詞素來說,比如「我」這個「字」,他的確能表達形音義,不過這也沒什麼特別的,因為只要是自由詞素,實詞(content words),通常是動詞、名詞、形容詞,不管哪一種文字,都具有形(orthographic,拼、寫)、音(phonological,發音)、意(semantic,語意);形音意具備並不是漢字特有的。</div>
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相對於實詞,有些詞素的意思不是那麼清楚,比如我們的「們」,這些詞具有文法上的功能,他們是虛詞( function word)。虛詞是具有明顯的形跟音但是意思不明,而文法功能明確的詞素。</div>
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中國有歷史悠久的文字學,專門研究「漢字」成為一門學問。不過,這門學問其實與現代的語言學關係不大,對於要了解一種語言或書寫系統(writting systems)的幫助也不大。本文跳出這個框架,以書寫的符號來定義漢字。總結:漢字是一種書寫符號,這些符號跟世界上其他的書寫系統一樣,都包含有形音意的訊息;如果一個符號代表一個明確的意思,它通常是單音節的詞素,如果兩個符號必須不可分割才能完整的表達一個明確的意思,這些是雙音節(或以上)的字,並且通常包含了兩個或兩個以上的音素與音節。</div>
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若我們考慮音素文字(如:a b c d,cat dog banana), 或者音節文字(如:あ か さ た な,はは あなた),它們在「形(orthographic)」的表現上相對簡單,並且相對的更直接的跟發音連結。學者在2017年發表的一篇研究報告指出,分析了116種書寫系統後,發現人類在書寫符號的偏好上受到視覺認知的限制。漢字並沒有被納入這篇報告的分析中,因為漢字的「形」相對的複雜,部件繁多(直、橫、撇、點、勾、捺...),表達意思的形符、部首,表達聲音的聲符,並且由於漢字的這些特性,學習者往往需要經過一個較陡的學習曲線,才能正確地連結符號跟語音。如前所述,漢字不是單純的象形字,也不是單純的表意字,將他稱為符號文字(logographic characters)是較為適當的。</div>
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formosanerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02414754260824769522noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5858441145873820517.post-56537115977801037072018-04-15T21:21:00.001+08:002018-04-15T21:22:08.410+08:00認識台語第一課每一種人類語言都有文法(grammer),台語當然也不例外。而文法包含了三大主要的部分:語言的發音法則(phonology),詞彙以及構詞(morphology),還有句法(syntax)。長久以來,台語一直被當作一種「漢語方言」,這種幾乎是不證自明的框架造成了一種現象:幾乎沒有人(學者和非學者)關心台語發音以外的語言現象;許多人著墨在台語發音的現象上,甚至要把台語的發音「追本朔源」到「漢語」身上。這種奇妙的先設定漢語框架再研究台語的學術研究偏好(豈不如同先射箭再畫靶?),大抵可以從中國語言學者趙元任的話一虧端倪,他說:「.<i>.....适用于北京方言的叙述,特别是在语法方面,一般也适用于所有北方方言,常常也适用于所有方言。......我们可以说,除了某些小差别,......汉语语法实际上是一致的......」(趙元任,1979,《汉语口语语法》</i>)。<br />
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「方言」在「漢語」的框架下,被視為漢語的地方語言變體。由於所使用的書寫系統 - 漢字,具有歷時的共通性,因此許多人感興趣的是「方言」發音與「漢字」之間的連結,以及地域不同而有較大明顯差異的詞彙,至於語法?反正都是漢語,差異不大啦!就算有差異,也可以想盡辦法來詮釋、建構變異的由來<span style="font-size: x-small;">(2003年,可不就有個中國學者寫了一本書《汉语方言语法的参数理论》來解釋漢語方言的語法差異?)</span>。如果這種解釋行得通的話,韓語、越南語,這些曾經長期使用漢字並且有著大量漢語借詞的語言,也都是「漢語方言」囉?!幸運的是,韓國人、越南人在思想上已經逃離了「大一統」的「漢語」觀念,而能以更嚴謹的態度去進行韓語、越南語的研究。(為什麼說「漢語」是一種「大一統」的觀念呢?<b><span style="color: red;">因為中國學者都說:「漢語」是民族語言!</span></b>)<br />
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台語,很不幸的被當成一種「漢語方言」。長久以來,讓學者、甚至民間的達人感興趣的不外乎台語的「本字」、「方言字」 - 也就是台語和漢字之間的關係,以及台語的聲韻 -也就是現代台語和泉州語、漳州語的關係,甚至台語和古代漢語的關係。台語幾乎從沒有被認真當個語言來對待,而是「漢語」這個大框架裡頭的「地方語言變體」。台語為什麼跟華語差異那麼大呢?因為,當「地方的漢語變體」和當地的土著語言接觸之後,這個「漢語變體」就會產生一些特殊的成分,可是它還是「漢語」- 主流論述大抵如此詮釋。<br />
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以語言科學的眼光來看,若要證明台語是一種漢語方言 - 也就是台語跟華語同源,同樣都是X語言的子孫 - 則必須在發音法則及其變化,詞彙、構詞,以及句法的資料上,輔以人群遷徙,語言接觸等歷史證據,都支持台華語有相同的源頭才行。這就如同要證明人類跟黑猩猩有共同遠祖一樣,解剖、胚胎、生化、分子各個層次的證據都指向兩者來源相同,這才能有定論呀!怎能因為台語跟華語有一些同源語,台語具有一些古漢語的特徵(如果上述兩者都很確切無誤),就跳躍式的得到台語是一種「漢語方言」的結論呢?那些關於「漢語」跟「漢語方言」的論述都太可疑了呦!<br />
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要提出堅實證據支持台、華語同源是一件工程浩大的事情。我,能力不足,也不打算這麼做。舉個例子好了,就算人們不知道飛鳥與爬蟲同源(都是恐龍的後裔),人們一樣可以研究飛鳥或者爬蟲;就算人們不知道章魚和人類不同源,人們一樣可以研究章魚或人類。重點是,飛鳥、爬蟲、章魚、人類是四種不同的動物,而不是某動物框架下的分支動物。台語,是一種語言,而不是一種「漢語方言」,<b>人們要認識、研究台語,並不需要依賴「漢語」這個框架;更何況這個框架是如此的不證自明、疑點重重呢!</b><br />
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請把「漢語」這個詭異的觀念解構掉,讓我們開始來好好認識台語吧。formosanerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02414754260824769522noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5858441145873820517.post-29062613353095077642018-03-10T13:37:00.002+08:002018-03-10T13:37:54.286+08:00注音符號應該被廢黜的理由
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;">重點先說在最前面:<b><span style="color: red;">注音符號的制訂和使用就是建構中華國族的一個重要部分。</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;">先看下面這張圖,簡明扼要的顯示了今天我們稱之為注音符號的發展史。圖中的箭頭意思是「傳承自前一個政權」。</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBiLxyQPqk5K4TWlDGF_ickY4LzJSJw8CfRg23txQyOKZ0ARb-6ura0G9RHSmlKabKnyw65Y7mAqAyzMHB_qKqGgQoZcsG9gSCXIeK3FpHErf9nSgxLk_MS0eQq9U1PvtUPJV2GMV3OgRN/s1600/%25E6%25B3%25A8%25E9%259F%25B3%25E7%25AC%25A6%25E8%2599%259F%25E7%2599%25BC%25E5%25B1%2595%25E5%258F%25B2.001.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><img border="0" data-original-height="745" data-original-width="1017" height="467" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBiLxyQPqk5K4TWlDGF_ickY4LzJSJw8CfRg23txQyOKZ0ARb-6ura0G9RHSmlKabKnyw65Y7mAqAyzMHB_qKqGgQoZcsG9gSCXIeK3FpHErf9nSgxLk_MS0eQq9U1PvtUPJV2GMV3OgRN/s640/%25E6%25B3%25A8%25E9%259F%25B3%25E7%25AC%25A6%25E8%2599%259F%25E7%2599%25BC%25E5%25B1%2595%25E5%258F%25B2.001.jpeg" width="640" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;">對於圖的說明如下:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;">「注音」的肇始是完成於<span class="s1"><span style="font-size: small;">1913</span></span>(<i>中華民國二年,第一任大總統:袁世凱</i>)制定注音字母的「讀音統一會」,而這個會議所執行的其實就是<span class="s1"><span style="font-size: small;">1911</span></span>年(宣統三年),大清帝國的「中央教育會」議決的「統一國語辦法」。中華民國教育部在<span class="s1"><span style="font-size: small;">1918</span></span>年正式公佈了注音字母,就清楚地說明了他們執行的是前大清國政策的延續(「查統一國語問題,前清學部中央會議業經議決。......注音字母三十有九,以代<span style="color: red;">反切</span>之用......」)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;">古時候對於漢字有一種注音的辦法,即:將一個字的發音切成兩個字的上半段和下半段,此方法叫做「<span style="color: red;">切音/反切</span>」。章太炎為了便於教學、便於切音,而取用了一些漢字的偏旁設計了紐文和韻文,這套類似日文假名的符號就是往後「注音」的基礎。但其實,無論是章太炎設計的符號,或者後來經過修改又修改的注音符號,都有「一個符號對應多種發音」的問題。「一個符號對應多種發音」的設計比較適合當文字而非標音符號,現行的注音符號更有單一符號對應音節發音而非音素(<span class="s1">phoneme</span>)的問題;因為非本文主題,這邊就不多討論了。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;">「讀音統一會」要做的事情就是制定一套符號以用於拼寫、統一漢字的讀音。它有三個主要任務:<span class="s1">:<span style="color: blue;">(1)</span></span><span style="color: blue;">審定字音為法定國音;<span class="s1">(2) </span>分析核定國音音素;<span class="s1">(3)</span>采定字母。</span>我們須注意的是,「國音」二字:國音就是指一個國家的標準發音。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;"><span class="s1"><span style="font-size: small;">1918</span></span>年中華民國教育部公布「注音字母」而不是「國音字母」,這個名稱是一個妥協的結果;因為,從大清國末年,就有不少人士主張漢字拼音化,但同時也有許多人捍衛漢字傳統,因此<span class="s1"> </span>「注音字母」這個名稱既兼顧了兩方,但也得罪了兩方。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;">把「注音字母」改為「注音符號」是在<span class="s1"><span style="font-size: small;">1930</span></span>年時由中國國民黨中執委吳敬恆提出後通過,再由中國國民黨諭知國民政府,各級單位照辦。吳敬恆的立場是捍衛漢字傳統,所以認為<span style="color: blue;">「僅適注音,不合造字,稱為字母,名不副實<span class="s1"> </span>」</span>,而改字母為符號。這個歷史事件值得關注的是:中華民國北洋政府時期結束於<span class="s1"><span style="font-size: small;">1928</span></span>年,此後中國國民黨掌握了中華民國的國家機器,既是如此,中國國民黨中執會決議竟然就可以指揮中華民國教育部,甚至函知政府部門照辦呢!(<b><span style="color: red;">「注音符號」確實為黨國不分做了證明呦</span></b>)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;">中國國民黨戰輸走贏逃到台灣之後,中華民國由中國共產黨建立的中華人民共和國繼承。<span style="color: blue;">在<span class="s1"><span style="font-size: small;">1958</span></span>年之前,中華人民共和國在小學裡仍然採用注音符號作為替漢字注音的工具。</span><span class="s1"><span style="font-size: small;">1955</span></span>年,中國舉辦「全國文字改革會議」,會中多人建議必須有更科學的拼音方案,以提高普通話的教學效率。<span class="s1"><span style="font-size: small;">1956</span></span>年,《漢語拼音文字方案》草案開始擬定,<span class="s1"><span style="font-size: small;">1957</span></span>年中國國務院公布此一草案,不過更改名稱為《漢語拼音方案》草案<span class="s1"> </span>,移除「文字」字樣,<span class="s1"><span style="font-size: small;">1958</span></span>年該案由中國第一屆人民代表大會批准通過:「漢語拼音方案的主要用途是給漢字注音和拼寫普通話,<span class="s1">......</span>以及<span style="color: blue;">促進漢語的進一步統一</span><span class="s1"> ...</span>」,促進漢語的統一,就等同於建立「國音」,也就是「<span class="s1"><b><span style="color: blue; font-size: small;">one nation, one language</span></b></span>」。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;">中國國民黨在敗逃到台灣之前,其實已經設計出一套用於給漢字注音的羅馬字符:國語羅馬字,這套符號稱為國音字母第二式(注音符號是國音字母第一式),後來這套符號在<span class="s1"><span style="font-size: small;">1940</span></span>年被改稱為譯音符號。譯音符號(國語羅馬字)後來在<span class="s1"><span style="font-size: small;">1980</span></span>年代曾短暫的在台灣的部分地區試用過,但未曾普及。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;">注音符號在中國國民黨全面潰逃至台灣之前,即在陳儀的推動下,在台灣各地蔓延。<span class="s1"> </span>在戰後,台灣社會的主要通行語是台語和日語。<span class="s1"><span style="font-size: small;">1946</span></span>年陳儀的長官公署公布台灣省國語推行委員會組織規程,成立台灣省國語推行委員,<span class="s1"> 《</span>台灣省國語運動綱領》有如下條例:<span style="color: blue;">「利用注音符號,溝通民族意志,融貫中華文化。<span class="s1"> </span>」</span>以及<span style="color: blue;">「刷清日語句法,以國音直接讀文,達成文章還原。」</span>,簡單講,目的就是去除日語,建立華語社會,讓台灣人「中國化」,而「注音符號」是為了達成這個目的的主要工具。陳儀甚至說:「<span style="color: blue;"><span class="s1">......</span>我們推行國語,必須剛性的<span class="s1">......</span>為建設中國的台灣,首先要使本省人學習國語文<span class="s1">......</span></span>」</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;"><span class="s1"><span style="font-size: small;">1947</span></span>年爆發<span class="s1"><span style="font-size: small;">228</span></span>事件和三月大屠殺。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;">中國國民黨全面潰逃至台灣之後,國語運動變得更加剛性,然後,注音符號就在台灣人的腦袋裡扎根了?!</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;">小結:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;">從注音符號到漢語拼音的發展,目的都是為了要統一國音(官話,國語,普通話)。這種語言的統一,不純然是通用語的概念,其背後擺脫不了建構中華國族的意涵。尤其是中國國民黨在台灣推行的國語運動,目的就是要把台灣人變成中國人,而注音符號是此波中華國族建構所使用的工具;到了<span class="s1"><span style="font-size: small;">2018</span></span>年的今天,即便我們已經過著與中國截然不同的生活,有涇渭分明的價值觀,卻仍然要擁抱注音符號,甚至錯把注音符號當作台灣文化的特色?</span></div>
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<br />formosanerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02414754260824769522noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5858441145873820517.post-27812667020499873242018-03-04T16:44:00.000+08:002018-03-04T16:44:18.308+08:00廢除注音符號!<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghTgJnClotYVguAbWsfEKv9UQgeyAOBDJ42OlyCfJCI9045JSpGDrCdM3khsSbWkQQBehAInGAfLWknbr8WeiprmDuJ44QG-jPqE52JV9JvsOfW_nxUFScu9r40M97pK4C2cM977SquySL/s1600/Screen+Shot+2018-03-04+at+4.36.24+PM.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1282" data-original-width="927" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghTgJnClotYVguAbWsfEKv9UQgeyAOBDJ42OlyCfJCI9045JSpGDrCdM3khsSbWkQQBehAInGAfLWknbr8WeiprmDuJ44QG-jPqE52JV9JvsOfW_nxUFScu9r40M97pK4C2cM977SquySL/s640/Screen+Shot+2018-03-04+at+4.36.24+PM.png" width="460" /></a></div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: "SF Optimized", system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, ".SFNSText-Regular", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: -0.12px;">立委葉宜津主張廢除注音符號改拼音,引起一些討論。我之前寫過一篇文章,修改一點貼出來給大家參考參考:</span><br />
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2014年6月26日,獲得行政院原委會官方認可的Kanakanavu族,2014/10/11舉行了正名後首次的mikong祭典。這裏,漢字書寫出現了大問題!Kanakanavu被寫成加納加納富,mikong被寫成米貢。</div>
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Kanakanavu在清代文獻中的記載是干仔霧(kanábū),以台語來念,還算接近他們族語的發音,但是在當代文化霸權下的華語語境中,發音就完全走樣了。mikong被寫成米貢則更神奇!雖然漢字的華語發音與族語相近,但是看到「米貢」的人會聯想到什麼呢?</div>
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文字的書寫表記,不只是作為符號工具而已,它更是承接文化、意義的橋樑!熟悉漢字的人們,看到「米貢」二字的時候,腦袋裡想到的恐怕是這兩個字的形象所連結的意義,而非mikong這個字的發音,及其所連結的意義和文化吧!我們得承認台灣處在當代的華語和漢字文化霸權(hegemony)的鐵蹄之下。標準化羅馬字,可以有效整合台灣多元文化所需要的書寫系統,讓不同語族之間透過相同發音規則的書寫系統,相對容易的學習、了解彼此的文化,這一步理想的達成,當然可以更進一步的使台灣的國族成長的更健全。然而現實是,權力者擬定的語言政策,使客家話的拼寫系統以及漢字系統,跟台語不同,也讓南島語族各族的書寫系統各自為政,這種語言政策,破壞了彼此學習、了解彼此文化的機會(當然也造就了台灣國族無法成形的阻礙之一)。</div>
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台文的書寫有其具有歷史悠久傳統的羅馬字系統,客家話同樣也可以採用羅馬字書寫。這套書寫系統,反應了台語/客語中存在著多個語言層的事實,而補足漢字所不能為的缺陷。原住民的語言屬於南島語系,是完全無法以漢字表達的;然而,以表記語音為專長的羅馬字系統,卻可以將這種語言書寫下來!以羅馬字書寫系統,將台灣的多元文化放在一個共榮的沙拉碗(salad bowl)中,是一個美好的願景。為何阻礙重重,窒礙難行呢?想必是執政的權力者,仍然抱持著殖民者的心態,以錯誤的語言政策,用華語/漢字文化霸權箝制台灣人的腦袋,讓台灣國不成國吧!</div>
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formosanerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02414754260824769522noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5858441145873820517.post-87210631546343178242018-01-20T23:16:00.002+08:002018-01-20T23:16:47.774+08:00台語伊索寓言翻譯<div class="_2cuy _3dgx _2vxa" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #1d2129; direction: ltr; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px auto 28px; white-space: pre-wrap; width: 700px; word-wrap: break-word;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">翻譯,是他種語言、新知識進入本地的重要渠道,藉由翻譯作品的刺激,也會激發本地文學的生命力。</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">《伊索寓言》(Aesop's Fables)是流傳在歐洲的民間傳說故事集,在十九世紀時,也開始有一些故事被翻譯成台語進入台灣,使當時的台灣人接觸到西方世界的思想,這些翻譯如下列舉:</span></div>
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《台南府城教會報》(現:教會公報)是最早用白話字書寫將台語書面化,並且翻譯這些西方作品的媒體。更有趣的是,當時有不少伊索寓言的版畫也一併印在報紙上,增添民眾閱讀的樂趣。如下圖〈貪字貧字殼〉和他的附圖: 貪心的狗。<br />
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<span style="color: #1d2129; font-size: 17px; white-space: pre-wrap;">以白話字(也就是俗稱的羅馬字,拉丁字母符號)書寫台語的確起步最早。不過,以漢字作為媒介書寫「台灣話文」在日治時期開始不久後也邁出步伐。漢字台灣話文翻譯的伊索寓言,最早的可能是這篇:1901年,《台灣土語叢誌》〈鳥鼠ノ會議〉,作者(筆名)双木生。看以下的圖片:</span><br />
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從早期的漢字台灣話文中可以確定幾件事:<br />
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第一:這些是<b>道道地地的台灣話</b>,是日常生活中的白話,而<span style="color: red;">非</span>文言文、漢文。<br />
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第二:這類文章的出現,表明<b>十九世紀的台灣知識份子,已經具備能力以漢字書寫台語</b>。<br />
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第三:<span style="color: blue;">重點在這裡</span>!這些知識份子以漢字書寫的台語,採用了大量的「<b>訓讀字</b>」,意思就是:<span style="color: red;">其實很多台語的詞彙,根本沒有相對應的漢字可寫</span>;又或者,這些知識份子找不到相對應的漢字來寫這些台語詞彙,所以他們就用了漢文中意思與台語詞彙相近的字詞來書寫。為什麼可以這樣確定呢?因為在圖片中可以看到,漢字的旁邊都有加上日文假名來標注發音,那些發音就是台語發音。舉個例子,漢字寫:「彼等鳥鼠,被貓咬死真多」,這句話裡面的「等」要讀成「 エ エ」,也就是寫成白話字的:ê,教育部推薦用字的:个;「被」要讀成「ホオ」,也就是寫成白話字的:hō͘,教育部推薦用字的:予;而這段話的最後一個字「多」則要發音成「ヲエ」,也就是寫成白話字的:chōe,教育部推薦用字的:濟。(補充:學過日文的朋友,沒看過假名ヲ?那是因為,ヲ是台語假名,是日本人特別為台語設計的哩! )(<i>所以這個句子用現代台文寫的話是:彼个鳥鼠,予貓咬死真濟;hit-ê niáu-chhí , hō͘ niau kā-sí chin-chōe. </i>)<br />
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不少人有<span style="color: red;">三個誤以為</span>:<br />
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第一個<span style="color: red;">誤以為</span>是以為用漢字書寫的台灣話文,一直到1920年代以後才出現,在台灣話文論戰中才現身。其實台灣話文在日治時代開始後不久就出現了!<br />
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第二個<span style="color: red;">誤以為</span>是以為,日治時期以漢字書寫的台語就是漢文。大錯特錯!漢文是漢文,台語是台語;漢文是用來讀的,台語是用來說的;漢字寫出來的東西,如果念出來跟口語差異不大,那才是台語喔!<br />
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第三個<span style="color: red;">誤以為</span>是以為,只有「歌仔冊」以漢字書寫台語。其實是有兩群社會階層截然不同的人以漢字書寫台語:一是有漢學基礎的台灣知識份子,再是漢學基礎薄弱或未受過教育的草根庶民,他們在書寫台語的漢字選擇上有差異喔!這邊就不多談了。<br />
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對了,最後說明一下,像《台灣土語叢誌》這類書是日本殖民政府公辦,開放給日本人和台灣人投稿,文章是要給日本人看的,好讓他們可以學習本島語言。《台灣土語叢誌》裡面的內容不只台語,也有客語哩!(這篇〈鳥鼠ノ會議〉的作者双木生可能是姓林的台灣人?)<br />
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書寫台語到底要用羅馬字好還是漢字好?其實,都可以。不過,寫台語文章時,到底哪個詞要用哪個漢字,從古至今爭議都一直存在,那麼,不確定到底哪個漢字合用的時候,乾脆就用羅馬字拚寫吧!<br />
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<br />formosanerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02414754260824769522noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5858441145873820517.post-16358946038806454992017-06-16T10:23:00.000+08:002018-08-08T20:14:10.676+08:00 台語迷思(三)<div class="_2cuy _3dgx _2vxa" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #1d2129; direction: ltr; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px auto 28px; white-space: pre-wrap; width: 700px; word-wrap: break-word;">
<span class="_4yxo" style="font-family: inherit; font-weight: bold;">3. 台語是一種方言</span>。<br />
這句話的意思是:台語是一種「地方性」的語言,這種「地方性」是相對於「全國性」的『國語』所產生的;兩相比較之下,台語位階較低而國語位階較高。</div>
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「方言」是地方性的語言:這個定義或許已經內建為一般人心中的不證自明。但真的是這樣嗎?本文在此首先要指出,<span class="_4yxo" style="font-family: inherit; font-weight: bold;">「方言」這個詞彙是被有心人士錯誤的挪用了!</span></div>
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<a name='more'></a>讓我們先來看語言學上對於「方言(dialect)」與「語言(language)」的討論。一個被廣為接受的說法是:<span class="_4yxo" style="font-family: inherit; font-weight: bold;">方言與方言之間彼此可以相互理解。</span>以台語為例,光譜的兩端大概是宜蘭方言和鹿港方言,以這兩種台語方言為母語的人大概都會覺得對方講話很怪,但是幾乎都可以聽得懂彼此。不過,「方言之間彼此可以相互理解」的定義存在著不少問題,比方說,一個說粵語的人可能會聽得懂客語,但一個說客語的人可能聽不懂粵語:A 聽得懂B,B聽不懂A,那A和B彼此是否為方言?再舉個例,低地德語跟荷蘭語之間幾乎是可以彼此「說得通,聽得懂」,兩者是不是方言呢?一般人感覺荷蘭語是一種「語言」而低地德語是德語的「方言」,ㄟ,怪怪的?</div>
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「方言之間彼此可以相互理解」在某個範圍內是無問題的定義,但超出這個範圍麻煩很多。因此,許多語言學者乾脆不去談論方言,取而代之的是「<span class="_4yxo" style="font-family: inherit; font-weight: bold;">語言變體(language varieties)</span>」。換個方式講,所有人類嘴巴發出來的、有系統的、用來溝通的聲音,都是語言(language)。同一個系統內的語言隨著時間流逝,自然會累積各種變異:彼此之間變異少的,還能維持互相的溝通;變異太大了,彼此之間可能已經無法順利溝通。當然,這樣的說法還是無法窮盡<span class="_7xn" style="background-color: #f6f7f9; font-family: "menlo" , "consolas" , "monaco" , monospace; font-size: 14px; padding: 4px;">語言/方言</span>現象.......不過,本文畢竟不是要討論語言學問題,就到此為止了。
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一般人所認知的<span class="_4yxo" style="font-family: inherit; font-weight: bold;">「語言」其實都是「方言」</span>,它們之所以被普遍的認知為「語言」是因為這些變體(varieties)被刻意的挑選出來作為<span class="_4yxo" style="font-family: inherit; font-weight: bold;">「標準變體(standard varieties)」</span>:這些標準變體被用在書寫上、用在教育上、用在媒體上,通常,一個非母語人士進行外語學習的時候也都是學習標準變體,以英語為例,除非有特殊需求,否則不會去學習黑人英語而是學標準英語。</div>
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X是否為一種「語言」往往牽涉主觀價值判斷,涉及的是社會-政治(socio-political)的因子而非語言本身。除了上述關於低地德語和荷蘭語的例子外,再舉一例:1990年後南斯拉夫(Yugoslavia)聯邦走向解體,官方認定的塞爾維亞-克羅埃西亞語(Serbo-Croatian)分裂成塞爾維亞語(Serbian),克羅埃西亞語(Crotian),波士尼亞語(Bosnian)以及蒙特內哥羅語(Montennegrin)四種「語言」,它們彼此之間不斷強調互相的差異,並且努力清除(purge)本身語言內所受到的「其他」語言的影響;於是,四種方言變成四種語言。說穿了,<span class="_4yxo" style="font-family: inherit; font-weight: bold;">「一種語言就是一種有軍隊的方言(A language is a dialect with an army and navy.)。」</span></div>
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回頭來看我們所面對的迷思:台語是一種方言嗎?如果答案是肯定的,那麼我們應該正確地問:台語跟哪些語言彼此間有方言關係?也就是,台語跟哪些語言之間可以彼此理解,或者,容易彼此理解?很明顯,<span class="_4yxo" style="font-family: inherit; font-weight: bold;">華語跟台語之間沒有方言關係</span>,對任何一位只會台語或華語的單語人來說,彼此要靠言語溝通是非常非常困難的。</div>
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<span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: 17px; white-space: pre-wrap;">只有當台語跟華語同屬於一個語系的語言變體時,台語跟華語之間才勉為其難的扯上方言關係:在「同一個語系」的角度下,台語跟華語都是「方言」,各自是不同的語言變體。但是,若華語跟台語根本不屬於同一個語系,他們之所以有部分的「同源詞」僅僅是因為語言接觸的結果,那麼,這兩種語言根本就不可能有「方言關係」。</span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: georgia, serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: pre-wrap;">華語被擁有政治權力的人挑選出來作為一種「標準變體」,所以才會被當成『國語』。而且,過去中國國民黨所推行的國語運動語言政策,背後的意識形態是不折不扣的國族主義:</span><span class="_4yxo" style="color: #1d2129; font-family: georgia, serif; font-size: 17px; font-weight: bold; white-space: pre-wrap;">一個國家,一種語言(one nation, one language)</span><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: georgia, serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: pre-wrap;">,當這種意識形態被往極端的方向推進時,法西斯就產生了:全國性的『國語』優於地方性的台語,而且這種優越是絕對的呦!</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7QmTapm2ltTgkFyRTgKRHptqk2jfAYycnI4HNbbdF8T-C8fZD8IaNTyH3EfhU-dnvDXU2Plo_q8Z9GsABIzzDny1SdnoFVzdFPTY0iABTWcsw3V1EYRhYvBx2RyKMW7Ayb1T2RBvbDiwS/s1600/17192587_10154519692533528_1435488550085167805_o.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="794" height="290" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7QmTapm2ltTgkFyRTgKRHptqk2jfAYycnI4HNbbdF8T-C8fZD8IaNTyH3EfhU-dnvDXU2Plo_q8Z9GsABIzzDny1SdnoFVzdFPTY0iABTWcsw3V1EYRhYvBx2RyKMW7Ayb1T2RBvbDiwS/s320/17192587_10154519692533528_1435488550085167805_o.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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打破「台語是一種方言」這種迷思。讓台語展現它作為一種語言該有的樣子。</div>
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<span class="_4yxo" style="font-family: inherit; font-weight: bold;">Let me stand like a man, let me speak like a Tâi-oân-lâng.</span></div>
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ps. 關於「客語是一種方言」、「原住民語是一種方言」同樣也都是毫無道理的迷思。</div>
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<a href="http://anthropologysediq.blogspot.tw/2017/03/blog-post.html" style="color: #365899; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">台語迷思(一)</a></div>
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<a href="http://anthropologysediq.blogspot.tw/2017/03/blog-post_15.html" style="color: #365899; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">台語迷思(二)</a></div>
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formosanerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02414754260824769522noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5858441145873820517.post-47171387788506501742017-03-15T21:59:00.001+08:002017-03-15T21:59:58.745+08:00台語迷思(二)<b>2.台語是粗俗的語言。</b><br />
這句話的意思誠如字面上所表述的:台語是不雅的、俗氣的、搬不上檯面的語言。這句話反映的社會刻板印象就是,台語是屬於中下階層或邊緣人的語言,總結這句話反映出的就是台語的邊緣處境。<br />
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<a name='more'></a>「<span style="color: blue;">台語的邊緣處境</span>」到底有多深入人心呢?深入到讓有些人居然很自豪地以為「用台語罵人就是比較有氣勢!」」—— 言內的訊息就是:罵人的話當然要用台語啊!<br />
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台灣社會裡有二十幾種語言,卻僅僅台語遭受強大的污名標籤。因為,客語跟原住民語在台灣是相對少數人說的語言;其中,原住民不只人數較少,更是政治經濟雙重弱勢 - 這些語言,對戰後來台的政權以及他們賴以建立意識形態的工具 - 華語 - 威脅較小。但是以台語為母語的人數則是<span style="color: red;">相對多數</span>,並且在日治時代到戰後初期,還是<span style="color: red;">社會主要的通用語</span>哩!此外,講台語的人雖然在戰後的政治上處於弱勢,但<span style="color: red;">經濟</span>上,台語使用者可不是弱勢!比如為數不少的中小企業主都是台語母語人!要如何對付經濟相對強勢的台語以及鞏固華語及其意識形態呢?「<span style="background-color: #f9cb9c;">污名化台語,減少人們學習、使用台語的意願,讓台語的處境日益邊緣化</span>」,當然就是一個好方法了。<br />
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台語如何淪落至邊緣處境呢?大抵是通過以下這兩個彼此相關的因子,促成台語的邊緣化:1、台語污名,2、台語的文化資本貶值。<br />
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要怎麼污名化台語呢?就讓「<span style="color: red;"><b>幹</b></span>」聲響徹雲霄吧!讓台語大聲地爆粗口、卑下的眥罵,讓這些「不雅」的印相與台語相連結,讓人們像巴伐洛夫的狗聽到鈴聲就流口水一樣的被制約:聽到台語就馬上聯想到一切負面的印象!巴伐洛夫在每次給狗餵食之前,都會搖一下鈴鐺,一段時間之後,只要聽到鈴聲,即使沒有食物出現,狗狗一樣會流口水呢。同理,只要報紙社論或戲劇表演出現的時候,都講一下或演一下台語很粗俗,一段時間之後,只要聽到台語,即使沒有報紙社論或戲劇表演,人們一樣會覺得台語很粗俗呢!這就是為什麼在母語運動二十年後的今天,已經不會再有「台語粗俗」的報紙社論或戲劇表演了,社會上一樣還有著「台語粗俗」的刻板印象啊!<br />
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台語原本是一種有用的<span style="color: red;"><b>文化資本</b></span>,它是某群人的第一語言,也是這些人社會化過程中的主要媒介。但是在戰後強推的「國語運動」之下,小朋友的社會化過程被學校教育強勢介入,華語成為戰後嬰兒潮世代社會化過程的主要媒介。孩子的家長則會發現:要換取知識、升學或階級流動的機會,華語是個比台語還要好用的文化資本。於是,慢慢的,華語好比美金,台語如同緬甸元(MMK);華語升值,台語貶值。望子成龍,望女成鳳的家長當然希望子女學好華語啦!若無有用的文化資本,怎能在社會中立足呢?<br />
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污名跟文化資本價值的關係,可以用函數來表示他們的關係,如下:<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibqcPuxqHpLhYSBpI_KztkDUMn7AvP2NFHxORpnKo1UYVn1zIwcuzxe-JsslnJzoecL5KzhYrFMIV2Tn7-H2NTxxYdNHIlHT7xRdUhgL5JDU9z2j0-V1CtA5s6Xk_vX3HYRrROBFs7wLJ9/s1600/17190521_10154506409958528_6200571162574489336_n.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="288" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibqcPuxqHpLhYSBpI_KztkDUMn7AvP2NFHxORpnKo1UYVn1zIwcuzxe-JsslnJzoecL5KzhYrFMIV2Tn7-H2NTxxYdNHIlHT7xRdUhgL5JDU9z2j0-V1CtA5s6Xk_vX3HYRrROBFs7wLJ9/s320/17190521_10154506409958528_6200571162574489336_n.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: blue;">f(污名) = 文化資本值</span></td></tr>
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污名越是增加,文化資本越是貶值。<br />
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說到底,<span style="color: blue;">「台語粗俗」的意思就是台語的污名很大而文化資本不值錢</span>。這種:f(污名) = 文化資本值的關係,只在特定社會結構中會發生,而這個特定的社會結構則是在戰後由政治上絕對優勢的一群人主導而建構出來的。各位千萬不要以為,如此的社會結構在解嚴後就「自動」消失,直到今天,這個結構依然存在(即便這個結構已經開始有一點點鬆動)!<br />
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「台語粗俗」是一種不折不扣的迷思。沒有任何一種語言是粗俗的。只有在特定的政經勢力下所建構的特殊社會結構,才會讓人產生「X語言是粗俗的(X在這裡是指台語)」的價值判斷。<br />
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到處宣揚<a href="http://anthropologysediq.blogspot.tw/2017/03/blog-post.html" target="_blank">台語很古雅</a>並不能真正有效的減少台語的污名。讓台語成為能夠「搬得上檯面的語言」才能真正能減少台語污名,如:<br />
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<li>接受記者訪問時,講台語;(比如許文龍接受記者訪問時以台語回應。)</li>
<li>公開演講時,講台語;(比如國家語言發展法草案公聽會的主持人應該全程使用台語並且準備適當翻譯)</li>
<li>表現專業時,講台語;(比如前台大數學系的教授楊維哲用台語講解微積分)</li>
<li>成為有學經歷、知識份子時,講台語;</li>
<li>購物、買東西、血拼,講台語;</li>
<li>討論政治、時事、專業,講台語;</li>
<li>年輕人,講台語。</li>
</ul>
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台語愈「搬得上檯面」,污名就愈少,文化資本的價值就越高,而台語文化資本價值的提升,對於整體母語復振運動會產生真正實質的助益,對於打破僵化穩固的社會結構也才會有足夠的力道。<br />
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ps. 本篇只針對台語的污名問題討論,其他語族母語的文化資本貶值的問題超出本篇討論範圍,待時力(時間力量)許可,另行文補充。<br />
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<a href="http://anthropologysediq.blogspot.tw/2017/03/blog-post.html" target="_blank">台語迷思(一)</a><br />
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formosanerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02414754260824769522noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5858441145873820517.post-45845798527057417882017-03-15T13:41:00.001+08:002017-03-15T13:41:43.224+08:00台語迷思(一)1.<b> 台語是古雅的語言</b>。這句話的意思是台語很古老,很有古風,延伸出的論述就有:「台語是河洛語。」,「台語是唐朝的官方語言。」諸如此類的。<br />
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問題在哪裡?<br />
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首先,不單只是台語「古老」,所有現存的語言都是古老的:意思是,包括台語在內的世界上所有現存的語言都有古老的成份在內。任何現存語言,內部可能都包含了幾百年前甚至千年前的詞素、發音方式、句法......,但是,沒有一個現代人可以用現代的語言去跟千年前的人講話溝通。這就好比生物學家發現,爬蟲類(像是烏龜、蜥蜴......)身上都有跟恐龍差不多的DNA,但是如果我們用時光機把現生的爬蟲類送去七千萬年前的時空,他們的命運應該是被恐龍吃掉,而不是跟恐龍談戀愛、交配、組成一個甜蜜的家庭。<br />
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台語有古老語言的成分,這點我們必須承認呢!那,我們能不能用現在的台語去跟古時候唐朝的人講話聊天?答案是不行。有心人不要妄想可以用台語去跟唐朝美女談戀愛了,溝通困難的愛情是注定悲劇收場的。那用台語吟唐詩又是怎麼一回事?因為台語有一些古老語言的成份在裡面啊!像是有聲子音:g、b、tz。不過,比方以下這些字,在隋、唐時期的漢語中都是具有「有聲子音」的:<br />
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<span style="color: blue;">薄、白、徙 、大、士、食、求、下</span></div>
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他們在台語中都已經不再有「<span style="color: blue;">有聲子音</span>」了。台語中有漢語發音的古老成分,很好啊,但語言本身是會演變的,並不是越古老的就越好。我們無需去刻意強調台語的古老成分。<br />
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「河洛語」又是怎麼回事?<br />
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以台語為母語的人在漫長的歷史中一直都沒有「自稱」,不像達悟稱自己Tao,阿美族稱自己Pangcah,以台灣為例,當台語族群遇上客語族群,「他稱」變成「自稱」的故事就發生了。<br />
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一般客家人稱呼講台語的人講的是 hok-ló-fa(一般人寫成holo,這裡用白話字拼寫)。可是,hok-ló到底是什麼?福佬?學佬?甌駱?河洛?以上這四種以漢字來表達的方式,都有人主張。「河洛」這個主張就是從此處而來,蓋因「黃河洛水」是中原,是漢人的發祥地,如果台語是「河洛語」<i><span style="color: red;">阿不就好棒棒</span></i>?台語可是比『國語』更古老、更有文化、更高級的語言哩!<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgG5LIaxThuyezk9Ge4I_GEr8MaoLjxkijz-3_zjiqlwJNgV5bXysTQYYG3hUg8kC_tWxerugQo3TmFu1jJ3GrF2Bfnrz5cGKEJ7TWuIgNKQ-MZsYjOroolHh4iYIXtcHmtojOW-92voxvM/s1600/17157694_10154502130708528_4543583210939377777_o.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgG5LIaxThuyezk9Ge4I_GEr8MaoLjxkijz-3_zjiqlwJNgV5bXysTQYYG3hUg8kC_tWxerugQo3TmFu1jJ3GrF2Bfnrz5cGKEJ7TWuIgNKQ-MZsYjOroolHh4iYIXtcHmtojOW-92voxvM/s400/17157694_10154502130708528_4543583210939377777_o.jpg" width="141" /></a>「hok-ló」台語唸成「hô-ló」,根據台日大辭典,此語是廣東族(今天稱為客家人)對漳、泉、潮汕人的蔑稱,漢字應寫為福佬。把「hok-ló/hô-ló」寫成「河洛」,是一種把「他稱」轉變為「自稱」的方法,並且引經據典挑選材料建構我族更優秀,是一種「發明傳統」的方式。<br />
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更進一步的問題是:<b>為什麼台語需要被強調「古雅」呢</b>?因為,在台灣社會中,台語跟其他語族的母語一樣,都受到華語體制的壓迫,但是台語使用者因為人口眾多,所以他所承受的體制化污名跟打壓是最嚴重的。為了反抗這些污名跟打壓,台語使用者發展出一套建構自身的論述,強調自身的優越性 - 但是現實是,台語在社會中已經逐漸喪失他的功能了,怎麼辦呢?那麼將台語連結到博、大、精、深的歷史文化中,以展現他的優越性,不失為一種保護台語、洗脫污名的策略。可惜的是,這種建構,問題叢生,不堪一擊,反而容易招致原本就蔑視台語的人士的訕笑:看啊!那些從事台語運動的人都是迷信者哩!<br />
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且讓我們放棄這種對台語的迷思吧。對付華語的制度性壓迫,請正面迎戰,莫再妄想使用旁門左道能夠出奇制勝。<br />
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<span style="background-color: #fff2cc;">Lán m̄-thang siàu-siūⁿ chò khiàn-sńg ē-tàng kiù Tâi-gí neh!</span>formosanerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02414754260824769522noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5858441145873820517.post-4448481678548464512017-01-26T22:09:00.001+08:002017-01-26T22:09:40.915+08:00談一談「台語很多,文學很少」<div class="_2cuy _3dgx _2vxa" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #1d2129; direction: ltr; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px auto 28px; white-space: pre-wrap; width: 700px; word-wrap: break-word;">
台語的書寫淵遠流長,最為圈內人<span class="_7xn" style="background-color: #f6f7f9; font-family: Menlo, Consolas, Monaco, monospace; font-size: 14px; padding: 4px;">(參與台語、台文運動的人)</span>熟知的是白話字 - 一種由基督教宣教師引進台灣,為台灣人所用而在地化的台語書寫工具。時至今日,「漢字」加上「abcd羅馬字」的各類作品有可能是台文作品中數量最多的。</div>
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<span class="_4yxo" style="font-weight: bold;"><a name='more'></a>「台語很多,文學很少」</span>是某仁兄對台文作品的批評,這種批評也獲得一些支持者支持。這句批評語的意思是:<span class="_4yxp" style="font-style: italic;">這些成千上萬的以台語為主體書寫而成的台文作品裡面,夠資格稱得上是文學作品的很少啦</span>!面對這樣的批評,不禁令人想問,評斷「文學」的標準是什麼?何以認為台文作品的「文學」很少?「台語很多」又是什麼意思呢?</div>
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要回答評斷「文學」的標準是什麼,超過我的能力所及;不如,諸君思考一下,下列這種情形會不會發生?如果發生了,合不合理?</div>
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<span class="_4yxo _7xn" style="background-color: #f6f7f9; font-family: Menlo, Consolas, Monaco, monospace; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; padding: 4px;">德文作品,「德語很多,文學很少。」</span></div>
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<span class="_4yxo _7xn" style="background-color: #f6f7f9; font-family: Menlo, Consolas, Monaco, monospace; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; padding: 4px;">日文作品,「日語很多,文學很少。」</span></div>
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這樣的評論頗奇怪吧?基於每一種語言所產生的書寫,其內容一定是該種語言很多呢!<span class="_7xn" style="background-color: #f6f7f9; font-family: Menlo, Consolas, Monaco, monospace; font-size: 14px; padding: 4px;">(德文作品裡如果沒有德語,像樣嗎?Die Taube如果不是以德語來表達,那我們要如何定位徐四金(Süskind)呢?)</span></div>
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關於文學,首先要了解的是:<span class="_4yxo" style="font-weight: bold;">文學是被建構出來的</span>,它可不像「<span class="_4yxo" style="font-weight: bold;">動物是一種多細胞生物</span>」是一種非建構的<span class="_4yxo" style="font-weight: bold;">本質</span>;簡單地講就是,「動物是一種多細胞生物」可以被我們發現,但文學是無法被發現的,文學是要經過書寫、流傳、討論、互文等等過程,像在蓋一棟房子一樣被搭建出來的。舉例說明好了,距今3500年前的楔形文字(cuneiform)內有沒有文學作品呢?《恩美卡與阿拉塔之王》(Enmeika and the king of Ara)算不算是文學作品呢?楔形文字留下來的記錄,除了商業活動以外,還有銘文、宗教文、神話、傳說,經過討論跟研究以後,某部分人會認為有一些文字紀錄已經可以稱得上是文學了,而某一些人會認為這些文字只是「記錄」而已,<span class="_4yxp" style="font-style: italic;">「蘇美語很多,文學很少」</span>。</div>
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說到底,<span class="_4yxo" style="font-weight: bold;">語言具有一定程度以上的本質性</span>,也就是說,我們可以去發現一種語言;像蘇美語這種已經死掉沒有人在使用的語言,我們還是可以透過「文字」去發現它。但這些文字到底算不算「有文學」,則是在我們發現它之後去建構出來的。</div>
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任何一種語言形諸文字所產生的文學,都是被建構出來的,而且在建構文學的過程中,該文學因為基於該種語言<span class="_7xn" style="background-color: #f6f7f9; font-family: Menlo, Consolas, Monaco, monospace; font-size: 14px; padding: 4px;">(語言有其內部邏輯,語言是文化的載體)</span>而呈現的特徵,也會被顯露出來。因之,德文的文學作品有德語的特徵,日文的文學作品有日語的特徵。徐四金的作品被翻譯成日文,或村上春樹的作品被翻譯成德文,或多或少都會使作家使用該語言所表現出的特殊性被削減,使得翻譯作品在一定程度上其實是另一部作品;能夠透過翻譯被了解的部分,可能僅僅只是屬於人類語言、文化的共通性的那一部分吧;是以「偉大的文學作品經過翻譯之後還是偉大的」,這只對了一半,因為<span class="_4yxo" style="font-weight: bold;">翻譯永遠不會完整</span>;比如莎士比亞的作品的中文版,可是讓人幾乎讀不出他的「文學」氣味呀!</div>
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回頭來談一下開頭提出的關於台語文學的問題。</div>
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<span style="color: #1d2129;">台語作品的「台語很多,文學很少」這樣的評述是非常不恰當甚至謬誤的。因為,</span><span style="color: red;">只有基於台語才會有台語文學</span><span style="color: #1d2129;">,如果一部作品中「文學很多,台語很少」,我的意思是:充滿華文特徵的書寫,或者充斥語法錯誤的台文,還是台語文學作品嗎?</span></div>
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台語文學作品必然呈現出台語的特徵。而台語的特徵是什麼?我們可以從18世紀末累積下來的眾多台語白話字作品中慢慢尋找得到。這些白話字作品,有些論者以為他們只是「記錄」而稱不上文學 - 抱持這種看法的人忽略了「文學」是被建構的而非本質的;倘使我們以已經建構好的文學框架(諸如現代文學、後現代文學、意識流、解構主義等等等)來看包括白話字在內的台語書寫是否具有「文學性」,則更是「豬母牽去牛墟」!</div>
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<span class="_4yxo" style="font-weight: bold;">尚在建構中的台語文學需要我們從既有的土壤中汲取養分,需要我們從既有的書寫中找出台語、台語文學的亮點,建構一棟全新的台語文學豪宅。</span></div>
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假如我們建構文學的腳步很慢,也沒關係,至少那些不被認為是「文學」的台語,要繼續「很多」才行,畢竟只有當「台語很多」可以繼續時,台語文學的活躍才有意義;要是哪天台語也跟蘇美語一樣死掉了,創作台語文學也只是一種自慰的行為罷了。</div>
formosanerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02414754260824769522noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5858441145873820517.post-25265778651292373792017-01-11T13:40:00.001+08:002017-01-11T13:40:40.067+08:00該怎麼面對入侵台灣的中國用語?<div class="_2cuy _3dgx _2vxa" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #1d2129; direction: ltr; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px auto 28px; white-space: pre-wrap; width: 700px; word-wrap: break-word;">
自從在經濟上跟中國多了一些交流之後,有些中國用語在台灣也成為一些人會使用的語詞,這裡所謂的「一些人」既包括了心向中華的統派跟(偽)獨派,也包括部分的(真)獨派。
對於不可能抵擋也無法阻止的入侵台灣的中國用語,該怎麼理解這個現象呢?該怎麼面對他呢?
要回答這個問題,且讓我們從生物學談起。</div>
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<a name='more'></a>假設有一個物種A,因為某種原因分裂成A’ 和 a,A’跟a在原棲地S產生競爭關係,但彼此並未產生生殖隔離(就是A’和a 仍然可以交配並且產生有繁殖能力的後代)。一段時間以後,原棲地A’佔了絕對優勢,a不得不開始向外遷徙。a到了棲地X,對X來說a是外來種,不過,a適應力很好,並且兇猛,掠奪能力比X上的物種都厲害,於是經過一段時間以後,a變成了X棲地上的優勢物種。A’跟a雖然經過一段時間的隔離,彼此也都在不同的棲地累積自己物種的種內變異,可是這些彼此的變異還不足以讓兩者產生生殖隔離。某個事件發生,促使A’跟a又有了機會彼此接觸,於是,A’和a的基因又開始可以互相交流了!只不過這一次,A’的主要棲地是S,a的主要棲地是X,兩個物種間的競爭關係很微小,A’再次凌駕a成為絕對優勢物種的機會並不大。</div>
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以上,是假設的一個生物演化的情況,且讓我們把A’代換成中國的普通話,a則代換成台灣的國語。情況變得一目了然哩!我們可以推論出以下兩點:</div>
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<span style="color: #1d2129;">第一,</span><span class="_4yxo" style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: red;">中國的普通話跟台灣的國語,彼此互為方言</span></span><span style="color: #1d2129;">。我們經常用「華語」這個大概念框架兩者;不過這樣會造成一個問題——鳥跟蜥蜴都是恐龍的後代,我們難道可以把鳥跟蜥蜴都稱為恐龍嗎?</span></div>
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<span style="color: #1d2129;">第二,</span><span class="_4yxo" style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: red;">只要台灣跟中國保持政經疆界,台灣的國語在自然狀態下不太可能被中國的普通話「吃掉」</span></span><span style="color: #1d2129;">。在自然狀態下,透過商業以及各種管道的交流,語言之間的接觸以及因為接觸產生的變化是必然的。英語、日語(</span><span class="_4yxp" style="color: #1d2129; font-style: italic;">尤其為最</span><span style="color: #1d2129;">)也一直在影響台灣的國語;我們把英語跟日語視為外語、外來語,同樣的,中國普通話對台灣國語來說也是一個外語,「早上好」「小鮮肉」「難受香菇」這些進入到台灣國語中的詞彙,當然是</span><span class="_4yxo" style="color: #1d2129; font-weight: bold;">外來語</span><span style="color: #1d2129;">囉。</span></div>
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<span style="color: #1d2129;">不過,第二所描述的認知,僅限於語言的接觸發生在「<b>自然狀態</b>」下。倘若,透過有系統的人為安排進行媒體、戲劇的傳播、觀光客的擴散、婚姻交流、詞典的編撰、刻意的語詞使用等等,台灣國語極有可能會變得越來越像中國普通話;換個方式來講,透過人為有系統的讓台灣與中國的政治經濟界線模糊化,中國普通話是有機會在台灣成為優勢語言的。認真來看,中國普通話吃掉台灣國語,跟台灣和中國政經界線的模糊,兩者<span class="_4yxo" style="font-weight: bold;">並非</span>互為果因的關係,而是互相成為一個</span><span style="color: orange;">自回饋的迴路(feedback loop)</span><span style="color: #1d2129;">啊!</span></div>
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<span style="color: #1d2129;">「</span><span style="color: blue;">霸凌</span><span style="color: #1d2129;">」是外來語(語源英語),「</span><span style="color: blue;">腦補</span><span style="color: #1d2129;">」是外來語(語源日語),「</span><span style="color: blue;">小鮮肉</span><span style="color: #1d2129;">」是外來語(語源中國普通話),情況再清楚不過了!</span></div>
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現在來討論另一個問題,a成為棲地X的優勢物種,那麼X上面的原生種呢?我的意思是,臺灣國語成為優勢語言,那麼台灣的原生語言呢?</div>
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對於台灣的原生語言來說,台灣國語可是「<span class="_4yxo" style="font-weight: bold;">外來種</span>」喔!台灣的原生語言因為資源幾乎都被台灣國語掠奪吸取,所以各種台灣原生語言都在垂死掙扎的邊緣。</div>
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隨著台灣國語在台灣的絕對優勢化,伴隨著的現象是語言的單一化、文化的單一化,而且,還有機率雖然不高但是可能會發生的:<span class="_4yxo" style="font-weight: bold;">被中國普通話吃掉</span>的風險存在。</div>
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如今之計,為了維持甚至恢復台灣多元的語言與文化,避免被中國整碗捧去;減少支持台灣國語的資源,增加支持台灣原生語言的資源(這些資源包括各類的語言教育,語言推廣以及語言使用)。</div>
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基於上述,我在此呼籲,那些已經不受中華文化泥淖羈絆的(真)獨派,不用擔心使用中國普通話的語詞,但是要清楚認知那些是外來語;此外,為了維持台灣與中國的政經疆界並且早日達成台灣建國的目的,請務必要,投入各類母語復振的運動,學好你的母語,寫好你的母語文,讓台灣的語言花園再次百花齊放。</div>
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<span class="_7xn" style="background-color: #f6f7f9; font-family: Menlo, Consolas, Monaco, monospace; font-size: 14px; padding: 4px;">(ps.什麼,你說</span><span class="_4yxo _7xn" style="background-color: #f6f7f9; font-family: Menlo, Consolas, Monaco, monospace; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; padding: 4px;">南向政策</span><span class="_7xn" style="background-color: #f6f7f9; font-family: Menlo, Consolas, Monaco, monospace; font-size: 14px; padding: 4px;">?提供機會給小學生學印尼語等等?那不就等同於分割了時間資源,剝奪了他們母語學習的機會?南向政策不是應該培養高階語言人才嗎?等小學生學好這些語言還要十幾年ㄟ?這種配合南向政策的語言政策,到底是拍馬屁逢迎上意還是搞不清楚狀況的本末倒置?)</span></div>
formosanerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02414754260824769522noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5858441145873820517.post-57904318178203300612016-06-29T14:08:00.002+08:002016-06-30T11:04:48.523+08:00台語、華語,語法大不同!<div class="_2cuy _3dgx _2vxa" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #1d2129; direction: ltr; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px auto 28px; white-space: pre-wrap; width: 700px; word-wrap: break-word;">
不少人有個<span class="_5yi-" style="font-weight: bold;">錯誤觀念</span>,認為台語跟華語的差別只在「發音」的不同。比方:「...劉呼澇、陳呼澹、莊呼曾、張呼丟。...吳呼作襖,黃則無音,厄影切...」《臺海使槎錄》,然則,台語和華語的差異不僅在於「發音」的不同,語法更是差大碼!</div>
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<a name='more'></a><span class="_5yi-" style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: blue;">語法是什麼?</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #1d2129;">句子是由很多詞所構成,詞的排列順序就構成了語法。就比如,有引擎跟四個輪子,可以載人,會跑的就是汽車,不過每個廠牌的汽車在設計上都有不同、獨到之處。同樣的道理,人類發出的帶有訊息的聲音且能夠溝通彼此的就是語言,不過每種語言的語法都有不同、獨到之處呢!</span><br />
<span style="color: #1d2129;">以下,用台語、華語、Pangcah說明語法。</span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">圖一</td></tr>
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看圖一之3的Pangcah,它的語句基本順序是,動詞出現在最前頭,依次是主詞,受詞。這種語序我們說他是VSO(Verb Subject Object)語序,而台語華語則都是主詞出現在最前頭,依次是動詞,受詞,也就是SVO(Subject Verb Object)語序。雖然台語華語在語序上歸屬同一類,然則,細節上是否也一樣呢?<br />
<span style="text-align: justify;">「他打小明」的台語怎麼說?如圖一的2、2.1,可以說成 伊phah小明,也可以說成 伊kā小明 phah。如果說成2的時候,人們會覺得台語華語的語法沒什麼不同,但是說成2.1的時候,就會感覺出兩者間的差異:</span><span class="_5yi-" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;">台語有介系詞 kā </span><span style="text-align: justify;">,而當使用這個介系詞的時候,動詞會移動到緊跟在受詞之後。</span><br />
介系詞kā在台語中其實很常出現,不少人將其類比成華語的「把」,假如是這樣的話,上圖1的句子「他打小明」說成「他把小明打」也通?其實這樣在華語中是不通的,<span class="_19ij" style="background-color: #f6f7f9; font-family: "menlo" , "consolas" , "monaco" , monospace; font-size: 14px; padding: 4px;">但是「他把小明『抓起來』打」的句子則是可以的</span>。簡單的講,台語的「kā」並不等同於華語的「把」。</div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">圖二</td></tr>
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看第二張圖對於台語的kā的用法會有更清楚的概念。圖2的華語「他向天借膽」,台語就是伊kā 天借膽。這就很清楚了,<span class="_5yi-" style="font-weight: bold;">kā可以指向某個方位/地方</span>,華語的「把」則無此功用。<br />
第二圖也加上Pangcah做說明,除了基本語序的不同,圖2之3的Pangcah例句中還看到to跟no這兩個「焦點」。這是什麼呢?在台灣南島語言裡面,有著<span class="_5yi-" style="font-weight: bold;">焦點系統</span>,用來匹配主詞、受詞、工具、事件、地點等等。<span class="_5yi- _19ij" style="background-color: #f6f7f9; font-family: "menlo" , "consolas" , "monaco" , monospace; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; padding: 4px;">(咦?怎麼感覺大家對此很陌生?明明台灣是南島語言的故鄉啊!)</span>這句話裡面:milada' 是動詞「借」,cira是主詞「他」,to是斜格/受格焦點,cudah no kawas是受詞,意思是鬼神的膽量,其中的no是屬格標記,cudah是膽量,kawas是鬼神。<br />
恩,大家對南島語言不太熟悉,從今以後要多加留意南島語言囉。</div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">圖三</td></tr>
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接下來繼續舉例來談台語華語的語法差異。來看第三圖。<br />
這裡談的是比較級的問題。圖三之一,華語「小明比小華高」,台語可以說成2 或 2.1 - 在台語裡面出現了 khah (較,坊間一般寫「卡」),華語則無。注意比較1跟2,華語用連接詞連接A、B兩物,最後是用以比較的形容詞,台語則在形容詞之前<span class="_5yi-" style="font-weight: bold;">一定要出現副詞khah,不能省略。</span><span class="_5yi- _19ij" style="background-color: #f6f7f9; font-family: "menlo" , "consolas" , "monaco" , monospace; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; padding: 4px;">(如果你覺得可以省略也不會怪怪的,那是因為華語影響。。。)</span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">圖四</td></tr>
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副詞khah緊跟在形容詞之前形成比較級,所以在台語中有圖四的用法。</div>
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圖四的2跟4,都是在兩個要比較的名詞之間插入<span class="_5yi-" style="background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold;">khah+形容詞</span>,華語無此語法。
圖四之一的華語如果說成「笨還要慘死」,恩?怪怪的。</div>
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圖四之三的華語如果說成「賊更兇惡人」,恩?怪怪的。</div>
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語法錯誤的話,聽起來就會怪怪的,雖然你可能還是能夠知道這句話的意思。<br />
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">這邊再舉一個「正在進行式(英文的-ing)」的句子當例子來看台語華語得差異:</span>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">圖五</td></tr>
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以上的例句中可以看到華語通常可以用「著」來標註正在進行中的或持續進行的動作。比如,打拼著,雨下著,坐著,站著,笑著。。。也就是動詞+著。
台語中用來標註正在進行或持續進行的動作,則是在動詞前面加上 teh (不同腔調可能發音成tih/leh/lih),比如teh phah-piàⁿ,teh 落雨,teh坐,teh徛,teh笑。
不少人把華語「著」混淆入台語的使用中,比如「(華)他騎著腳踏車」,台語竟講成「伊騎著跤踏車」,其實符合台語語法的講法是:「伊teh騎跤踏車」。因為這種語法錯誤太常見了,以致於有些人會反駁認為「伊騎著跤踏車」是可以接受的句子;但只要想想下面的例子,就知道這完全無法接受:
<span style="color: blue; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">(華)我從小看著小明長大。</span>
<span style="color: blue; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">(台)我自細漢看小明大漢。</span>
思考以上的例句,台語絕對不可以說成我自細漢看著小明大漢。華語用以表示持續狀態的「著」不可以直接套用在台語中。</div>
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圖六</div>
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若把語言的特徵簡化表示,可以得到如圖六的由外而內的三層殼:詞彙,音韻,語法。受到語言接觸的影響,詞彙是變動最快的一層,越往內層變動速度越慢。考慮這三層的話就會發現,今天台語面對的問題是,本身的舊有詞彙一直流失,創造新詞彙的能力不斷衰減,華語詞彙則是一直在替代台語詞彙;更嚴重的是,音韻往華語方向傾斜,甚至最內層的語法也往華語方向傾斜!</div>
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<span class="_5yi-" style="font-weight: bold;">「台語華語化」</span>:明明是華語語法,套用到台語中好像也很順?<span class="_5yi-" style="font-weight: bold;">不不不!</span>因為你身處在華語鋪天蓋地的結構之中啊!語法錯誤的句子被當成正確的語句,甚至被當成「語言自然演變」了!?如果台語本身的三層特徵都變得跟華語一樣了,台語還存在嗎?</div>
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回到圖一跟圖二,台灣南島語因為與華語差別更大,語法受華語影響而訛誤的機會相對小,是以,南島語在台灣的處境是被強勢華語直接消滅<span class="_19ij" style="background-color: #f6f7f9; font-family: "menlo" , "consolas" , "monaco" , monospace; font-size: 14px; padding: 4px;">(不能同化你就把你消滅...)(請配合圖六反思)</span>。</div>
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formosanerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02414754260824769522noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5858441145873820517.post-91222732302425266242016-06-09T11:47:00.001+08:002016-06-09T11:47:54.810+08:00端午節,誰的粽子?<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizUTa0X-_Pyx51voyA8ipfiXN7i8b4UQGg6-PjaxPFmqP9ICkFtOKoE6RLN0mW0ayODE6C2I-rJ-miTMJC0PDKRs1fp_qq178Mmo2oHYicIeZilv0L0XNlgtp1Mj2AJXmbbV_SPG7T3w35/s1600/%25E4%25B8%258B%25E8%25BC%2589.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizUTa0X-_Pyx51voyA8ipfiXN7i8b4UQGg6-PjaxPFmqP9ICkFtOKoE6RLN0mW0ayODE6C2I-rJ-miTMJC0PDKRs1fp_qq178Mmo2oHYicIeZilv0L0XNlgtp1Mj2AJXmbbV_SPG7T3w35/s1600/%25E4%25B8%258B%25E8%25BC%2589.jpeg" /></span></a></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">端午節,一般稱呼為 gō͘-goe̍h-cheh(五月節)或者bah-chàng-cheh (肉粽節),文鄒鄒的(偽)文青才會稱呼它為toan-iông-chiat(端陽節)或toan-ngó͘ -chiat(端午節)。(ps. 注意喔,一般說法的節跟文鄒鄒說法的節,發音不同)。</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">社會,是一大群有著同質性但是充滿著異質性的人構成的,並非只有文鄒鄒的(同質偽)文青才能代表社會。所以啊,隨便抓個慣常說台語的人來問,十之八九都會告訴我們這個五月節又叫肉粽節,就是吃肉粽的節日啦;什麼端陽端午的說法,並不流行哩(華語世界倒是很流行)。</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">肉粽,大家都不陌生,聽說,還會有人無聊到要去戰南粽北粽?(樣毋戰客家鹼粽?Ngài姑姑盡會縛喔!)</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">這邊,不是要戰什麼南北粽,鹼粽,粄粽,這邊只是要提醒大家,用葉子把米和食材包起來煮熟了吃,當然你可以把這些都指稱為粽子,但是,端午節和粽子這樣的脈絡跟框架,只是台灣這個社會裡一部份的人所共享的知識跟傳統,它(雖然被國家訂為國定假日)並不是所有人都共享的知識跟傳統。</span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">薩奇萊雅的alibangbang</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">我這麼說,是因為有一些人,看到排灣的cinavu,魯凱的inavuy,阿美/薩奇萊雅的alibongbong,都是「用葉子包米跟食材」,就說那是原住民的粽子啦。親愛的台灣人,台灣社會的文化多元,充滿異質性,原住民的歲時祭儀裡面根本沒有「端午」,又何來「粽子」?</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">有些原住民朋友,由於身處非我族類結構強大的社會中,又有國家力量強力支持端午節,他們就會說:「這個是我們原住民的粽子啦!」 - 在這樣的言語內,透露出來恐怕是被殖民結構內化後扭曲的怪異認同。</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">我們這些白浪的粽子,老是被建構成和屈原連結在一起,是浪漫?破壞生態環境?故意強調忠臣思想?</span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">阿美的alibangbang</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">可是,比如人家阿美的alibongbong是真正浪漫的呦!男女談戀愛的時候,男生先對女生表達心意,送給他火力旺盛的九芎、樟木,並且在裡面放有撥開的血桐;女生如果也有意愛,隔天就用林投葉包alibongbong送給男生。alibongbong的意思就是水乳交融哩!<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>(以上取自台灣原住民族數位典藏資料庫)</i></span></span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">排灣的cinavu</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">排灣和魯凱的cinavu, inavuy,是類似的食物,以排灣的cinavu為例,外層是silu(月桃葉),內層則用lavilu (假酸漿葉)包裹餡料:糯米或小米、芋頭、芋頭粉、家豬或山豬五花、油蔥酥、適當調味製成。為什麼要用lavilu呢?因為餡料連著lavilu一起吃,就比較不會脹氣胃不舒服喔!cinavu是祭儀、或招待貴賓常用的美食,可是跟端午一點關係都沒有呢。</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">親愛的台灣人,端午節的粽子,就是我們這些白浪的粽子,吃多了會胖,而且一點都不浪漫。</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">別再說那些是「原住民的粽子」,也請(有些)原住民朋友別再把白浪的知識跟傳統往自己身上套用了!</span>formosanerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02414754260824769522noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5858441145873820517.post-27591627846629334142016-05-21T09:10:00.000+08:002016-05-21T09:10:12.349+08:00天字第一號<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">天字第一號是什麼意思呢?有說是「千字文」的第一個字:「天地玄黃,宇宙洪荒...」,所以用天來表示分類上的第一,最好的。那,為什麼是千字文的第一個字?因為,古代中國很多物件,舉凡帳目、書本、房間座位,都用「千字文」裡面的字來排序!(<span style="color: blue;">因為千字文用了一千個不重複的字,所以可以被應用作為排序的依據。阿,你問我,為什麼不用一二三四排序簡單又方便,我又不是中國人,哪知他們的老祖宗腦袋裡在想啥。。。)</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">總之,天字第一號後來就有「最厲害的」這樣的意思。1946年在上海有一部電影叫做「天字第一號」,內容是情報員打倒小日本的爛梗,後來中國國民黨敗逃台灣,1964年的時候也拍了一部「天字第一號」,內容一樣還是情報員打倒小日本的爛梗:其實就是把同名電影(劇情不同)移植到台灣,利用影劇娛樂偷渡給台灣人<span style="color: red;">仇日</span>的情緒。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">「天」字第一號,畢竟是華語漢字思考下的產物。讓我們用台語來想想,「天」可不見得都是正面的意思,相反的,我認為天字第一號其實可以拿來挖苦,嘲諷別人哩!</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">Thian(天)在台語裡面,除了當作一般的意思:sky - 上天,天兵天將,天文;命運的/自然的 - 天命, 天災,天才。另外還有一個意思是指一個人思想行為失常、閒晃、散財,例如:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;">I ta̍k-kang tō tī chiú-ka teh thian </span><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;">(伊ta̍k工tō tī酒家teh天)</span></span><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">『他每天在酒家閒晃』</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;">In tau kàu chhia-thâu hiah kīn ia̍h beh chē kè-têng-á chiâⁿ thian-thé </span><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;">(in 兜到車頭hiah近抑beh坐計程á chiâⁿ天體)</span></span><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">『他家到車站這麼近也要搭計程車真浪費錢』</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">->這句話的 天體 就是浪費的意思,當然另一個意思就是天體營的天體。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">另一個常見的用法是「天天」或者「天tho̍h」,意思如同上面所說,同時意指一個人無定性,不穩重,不正經,浮躁。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">例如:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;">Jîn-seng hái-hái, kui-khì ta̍k-kang kek thian-thian khah hó kòe-ji̍t </span><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;">(人生海海,kui氣ta̍k工激天天khah好過日)</span></span><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">『人生不過如此,乾脆每天裝傻比較好過日子』</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;">I teh chiú-chùi kóng thian-tho̍h, mài kap i kè-kàu </span><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;">(伊teh酒醉講天tho̍h,mài kap 伊計較)</span></span><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">『他喝醉酒盡說些不三不四的,別和他計較』</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">華語的天字第一號,當然是如第一段所述的意思。不過, 如果用台語刻意說: <span style="color: blue;">thian--jī tē-it-hō </span><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;">(天字第一號)</span>(thian(天)要保持本調喔),可是剾洗人喔!</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">1964年那部柯俊雄主演的「天字第一號」,現在來看是「thian--jī tē-it-hō 」,一部無腦的卻專門用來洗腦台灣人的電影。</span></div>
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formosanerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02414754260824769522noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5858441145873820517.post-64178931592198897552016-04-04T10:50:00.001+08:002016-04-04T10:53:56.767+08:00再談台語翻譯 - 說台語的人只能依照漢字念台語?<div class="_2cuy _3dgx _2vxa" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #141823; direction: ltr; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px auto 28px; white-space: pre-wrap; width: 700px; word-wrap: break-word;">
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g48xVCTRgk4&ab_channel=Yokita72" rel="nofollow" style="color: #3b5998; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g48...</a></div>
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上列的youtube連結是一位對台語有熱情、很奮進的青年所做的小影片。影片中,他用台語唸出本屆立委的名字。很可惜的是,當他遇到原住民立委的姓名時,把他們的名字按照華文漢字的音譯,又音譯成台語。比如:Kawlo iyun pacidal,他就照著<span class="_5yi- _19ij" style="background-color: #f6f7f8; font-family: "menlo" , "consolas" , "monaco" , monospace; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; padding: 4px;">高潞・以用・巴魕剌</span>這樣的漢字,唸成Ko-lōo Í-iōng Pa-tsî-la̍t;Kolas yotaka,也是照著<span class="_5yi- _19ij" style="background-color: #f6f7f8; font-family: "menlo" , "consolas" , "monaco" , monospace; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; padding: 4px;">谷辣斯·尤達卡</span>這樣的漢字去念人家的名字。</div>
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這樣的「念台語」的方法有幾個問題:</div>
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<a name='more'></a><span style="color: #141823;">第一,華文漢字寫原住民的名字,是一種</span><span class="_5yi-" style="color: blue; font-weight: bold;">音譯</span><span style="color: #141823;">。如果照著華文漢字唸出這些漢字的台語音,那樣是對著華文</span><span class="_5yi-" style="color: red; font-weight: bold;">再</span><span class="_5yi-" style="color: blue; font-weight: bold;">音譯</span><span style="color: #141823;">,譯到後來,跟原來的發音相差恐怕不只千里。</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #141823;">第二,有人指出</span><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; color: #3d85c6;">「老一輩,很多人唸外語、日語的人名與地名,相當部份是照漢字唸台語文讀,Yokita只是照步來,使用傳統辦法來唸,很正常。」</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #141823;">,很抱歉,這並不是正確的觀念。首先,用漢字來寫的日文,確實日本時代的台灣人會把這些字按照漢字台語音讀出來,比方</span><a href="http://l.facebook.com/l.php?u=http%3A%2F%2Fpojbh.lib.ntnu.edu.tw%2Fscript%2Fartical-4811.htm%23&h=uAQG3mPBB&s=1" rel="nofollow" style="background-color: white; color: #3b5998; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">林茂生在新台灣話陳列館</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #141823;">中舉的若干例子。但是,有些日文是用假名來的呀,那裡有漢字台語音可以遵循?這種情況,台灣人就用自己習慣的發音音韻,來模仿日語的發音,像是oo-jih-sáng(民間一般寫成歐里桑)就是一個很通俗的例子。另外,如果語源不是日語而是印歐語系的語言,更加不可能用漢字去表達,台灣人怎麼翻譯發音?舉兩個例子,歐洲寫成Au-lô-pa(用漢字去湊,接近歐羅巴),Europe為什麼是歐羅巴?用德語或者法語唸唸看就是了!印度有個地方叫做Bông-bâi,這是哪裡?原來是</span><span class="_5yi-" style="background-color: white; color: #141823; font-weight: bold;">孟買</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #141823;">!但是按照孟買這兩個漢字去發台語音會變成Bīng-bé,於是很清楚的,Bông-bâi是按照Bombay的發音來進行台語的音譯而寫下的。</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #141823;">第三,即便是要用漢字發台語音,也是要以台語為主體思考音譯,而不是以華文漢字為主體,這樣會使原本想要表現台語主體的好意丟失,反而淪為華語的附庸。舉個例子,kanakanavu這個台灣南島語族,現在華文把它寫成卡那卡那富,按照這個華文漢字唸成台語,就會變成khá-lô-khá-lô-hù(ㄎㄚ ㄌㄜˊ ㄎㄚ ㄌㄜˊ ㄏㄨ),天啊!這像話嗎,已經</span><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="color: red;">跟原來的發音相差十萬八千里</span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #141823;">了啊!這就是以華語/華文為依靠,把漢字當主體,台語淪落為附庸的下場。</span></div>
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台灣在清領時期的文獻就有記載kanakanavu一族。清代文獻中,或將其寫為簡仔霧,或是干仔霧,台語唸起來是kán-á-bū/kan-á-bū。即便這些文獻的書寫是以漢字為符號,書寫者對音譯的思考,很可能是以台語為主體,音譯出來自然較為貼近原來的發音!</div>
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無論是Kawlo iyun pacidal或Kolas yotaka這些人名本來就不是漢字所擅長音譯的;蓋因漢字記音的功能實在太差,很多語言學者都指出過,外語一旦被翻譯成華語用漢字書寫,發音經常都是走樣到天荒地老也不足為奇。</div>
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<span class="_5yi-" style="color: blue; font-weight: bold;">羅馬字拼寫台語是好物</span><span style="color: #141823;">!除了可以寫出能夠用漢字表達的台語字詞之外,還可以寫出難以用漢字表達的台語字詞。此外,在翻譯外語的方面,直接用台語羅馬字拼寫比使用漢字彆扭的音譯容易許多。在這個例子裡,沒有學過Pangcah的非母語人士,不太可能標準的把Kawlo iyun pacidal或Kolas yotaka唸出來;不過,正如上述,「音譯」的工作就是要讓這些外語能合於台語的發音系統並且又能貼近原音啊!</span></div>
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<span style="color: #141823;">最後,還是要鄭重給大家建議,台語的翻譯,</span><span class="_5yi-" style="color: red; font-weight: bold;">請不要再繞一圈從華文漢字翻譯了</span><span style="color: #141823;">!</span></div>
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formosanerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02414754260824769522noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5858441145873820517.post-5619311909233741662016-03-22T15:54:00.001+08:002016-03-22T15:54:59.000+08:00扭轉史觀:台灣的白話文運動再議<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">葉石濤先生,認為1920年到1925年這段時間,是台灣新文學的搖籃期。這之前的文學,主要是古典漢文學。到了1930年代,很多人認為當時發生了台灣第一次的文學論戰(所謂的鄉土文學論戰)。但是這些「主流」的觀點有一個前提:用「漢字」以及「用漢字來寫的白話」作為衡量文學地表準,但我們必須非常謹慎的思考,日本時代台灣的主流白話是台語,不是華語。賴和初期用漢字模仿中國白話的寫作,中後期,也轉向台語寫作;但他曾感嘆,難以找到適當的漢字來表達台語阿!用漢字來寫台語就像在翻譯一樣,再怎樣也無法適當的完整的表現台灣人的白話。再說,從台灣歷史脈絡來看,台灣人自19世紀末就開始自由的白話書寫了!台灣的白話文/新文學怎麼會是1920年代才開始呢?</span><div>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><a name='more'></a><br />19世紀外國傳教師給台灣帶來了「白話字」。一開始,白話字是外國人用來學台語的工具 ,進而,外國人教台灣人白話字是希望他們可以閱讀聖經,再後來,台灣人學會了白話字,能寫出自己的書面語,一開始也許只是簡單的記錄,到後來就開始有了各種創作。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><br />一切從1920年代說起,彼時,台灣白話文學的創作有重大進展,而非僅在「搖籃期」而已。我們以「小說」這種複雜的文類作為例子。根據台語文數位典藏資料庫和台灣白話字文獻館所數位化收藏的資料,1920年以前的小說作品總共有25篇,大部分不知作者,再者多數是外國人以白話字翻譯或紀錄的,台灣人創作的白話小說僅僅三篇,穆清潔的「國愛國怨」(1917),林燕臣的「弄巧反拙」(1918),還有胡紹芳的「過年」(1919)。儘管台灣人的創作少,但是穆清潔的「國愛國怨」和胡紹芳的「過年」也已經是不錯的白話小說了!</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">1920年到1940年之間,白話字小說作品總共有29篇,情況跟之前有非常大的不同。無名氏作品有五篇,翻譯作品有三篇(都是陳清忠翻譯的),外國人作品有六篇,而台灣人自己的創作作品有十五篇!這種改變的原因我推測有兩點:其一,1920年代是台灣新一代少年知識份子開始產出的年代,白話字的寫作也有新血加入。其二,芥菜子刊物的創辦出刊。「芥菜子」是台灣橄欖球之父陳清忠長老所創辦的台灣北部教會機關報。相對於巴克禮牧師所創刊的台灣府城教會報,芥菜子刊物是台灣人自己創刊發行;陳清忠曾經留學日本同志社大學,在一定程度上,這都吸引了更多會寫白話字的台灣人來投稿。1920、30年代和芥菜子刊物有關係的白話小說創作者紀有:郭頂順、陳能通、黃六點、李水車、林清潔、柯設偕,其作品如下表:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">歷史有這麼巧合嗎?「芥菜子」是大正14年(1925)創刊,而後成為台灣青年的文藝實驗場。隔幾個月,昭和元年(1926),賴和開始主持台灣民報文藝欄;一般認為此文藝欄是台灣漢字白話文運動重要的一個運動場。白話字的寫作是台灣白話文運動的先行者,「芥菜子」給他一個試驗跟發揮的舞台;漢字寫作從文言文到白話文其實是非常後知後覺的,「文藝欄」在這波運動中做為它搖搖學走的地方。其實歷史沒有什麼巧合的,因為進入1920年代的台灣已經準備好要展現他的現代性了。</span><div>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><br />白話字就是用來寫白話的字。令人感嘆的是,戰後台語白話文學的發展受到中國殖民者的暴力壓制,漢字跟華語是中國民族主義的法西斯產品,我們在歷史記憶的戰場戰輸,錯以為白話等於華語白話!戰後一些作家:比如:楊逵、黃春明、王拓、東年、廖鴻基、許達然,都曾嘗試進行台語的書面文創作,但是他們只能使用簡單的台語漢字,或是用漢字借音,或是自己發明新的漢字,然而寫作的主體依然是華語書面文啊!說實在的,我們的白話文學實在是大大的退步呢!</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">台灣的白話文就是台語書面文。你若問我,那客語書面文呢?「芥菜子」給了我們答案:芥菜子89號開始,從1933 -1936年每一期都有廣東族通訊;廣東族就是日本時代對客家人的稱呼;也許這是早期客語白話文的濫觴。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">本篇文章只是原本一篇台語文章的一部份,這邊改以華文書寫,因為我知道大部分的人在多年黨國教育之後已經沒有能力閱讀台語白話文。</span></div>
formosanerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02414754260824769522noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5858441145873820517.post-76300483603994964912016-03-19T20:26:00.000+08:002016-03-19T20:26:15.311+08:00韓國人也懂漢字?<span style="color: blue;"><b>想像一下以下這種情況:</b></span><span style="font-size: large;">大家日常生活都講A語言。可是,市面上的報紙、書刊、雜誌、政府公文等等,通通都是寫英文。也就是說,只有當一個人學會讀寫英文以後,他才是受過教育的、階級較高的份子。換個方式來說,人們的閱讀、知識等等,通通來自外語。而母語則無此用途。</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">這種「外語是高階語言,能書寫;母語只是口語,是低階語言」的詭異狀況發生在公元前108年漢朝入侵朝鮮半島之後,並且持續了千年。翻閱韓國古代文獻,會發現,天哪!那根本就是漢語文言文呢!所以韓國人當然懂漢字啊。不過,這種把外語拿來當作書面語使用的情況在西元四世紀時就有了一些轉變;根本原因在於,韓語跟漢語是完全不同的語言,韓語是大眾的母語,卻把外來的漢語當作位階較高的語言使用,根本就是在製造階級流動的障礙啊。</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">西元四世紀左右,韓國出現Itwu/Idu (吏書) - 把漢字純粹當作表記韓語的符號使用:實詞(名詞,動詞等)部分採用漢字原意,虛詞(詞綴、字尾變化等等)部分只管發音不管漢字意思。比如下方的寫法:</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">漢文:蠶陽物,大惡水,故食而不飲。</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">吏讀文(斜體部份為吏讀):蠶<i>段</i>陽物<i>是乎等用良</i>,水氣<i>乙</i>厭却,桑葉<i>哛</i>喫破<i>爲遣</i>,飲水<i>不冬</i>。</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">但是這樣還是有些問題。因為,畢竟這種寫法還是太過依賴漢字,要在一般民眾當中普及並非容易的事。</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">於是到了十五世紀,李朝世宗大王召集了學者,頒布了「訓民正音」,也就是我們今天認識的標準韓文。訓民正音序言說明:「<b>國之語音,異乎中國...故愚民有所欲言而終不得伸...新制二十八字,欲使人人易習,便於日用 矣……假中國之字以通其用,是猶枘鑿之鉏鋙也...昔新羅薛驄,始作吏讀...然皆假字而用,或澀或窒,非但鄙陋無稽而,至於言語之間,則不能 達其萬一焉</b>」。</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">可惜的是,訓民正音的推動並不順利,漢文既得利益者的士大夫階級強烈反對,而世宗大王則在四年後去世。以拼寫為基礎的訓民正音在往後的很長一段時間淪落為地位低下的「女人書寫」和「僧侶書寫」,直到二十世紀,韓國國族意識抬頭後,訓民正音才被往上拉抬具有韓文的國家地位。</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">以上是簡介韓文書寫系統的歷史。簡言之,韓國有很長的時間是把外國話直接拿來書寫書面語,而韓語書面語的發展則一直是遲緩的。</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">不過,正如同「吏書」的出現,漢字在韓國不可能永遠保持他在中國的模樣。漢字直到他被韓國廢棄之前,它在韓國的使用向來就有兩種面貌:一是維持漢語文言文的面貌,二是適應韓語而生的面貌。後者,讓韓語漢字有了訓讀音讀跟新造漢字等的區別,還有一些漢字詞在韓語中則產生了不同於原來漢文的意思。</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">為了韓語而新造的漢字有哪些呢?以下列舉:</span><br />
<span style="color: blue; font-size: large;">乫,乭,䭏,哛...</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">這些字是所謂的韓國國字,一般用在人名、地名。比如說,最近跟Google AlphGo在進行電腦人機對弈的韓國棋王李世乭,名字裡面就有用到一個韓國國字啦。</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">如果你問我,『乭』怎麼唸?我會回答,去學韓語啊。你總不會看到人家名字就唸成:「ㄌㄧˇ ㄕˋ ??」,<b><span style="color: red;">腦袋有洞才看到漢字就只想到中文</span></b>。</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">他的名字是(寫成訓民正音):<b><span style="color: blue;">이세돌 (I Se Dol)</span></b></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">對啦,韓國人懂漢字,但是此漢字早已非彼漢字;千萬不要看到漢字就只會想到中文,還妄想要跟韓國人(日本人)以漢字筆談哩。</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">對了,最後提醒大家一點,華語(Mandarin Chinese)是1945戰後才「被普及」於台灣的。多麼詭異多麼魔幻多麼寫實,台灣人的母語跟台灣人所學習的書面語,是兩套不同的語言哩。最近轉型正義很夯,這種詭異的語言異化現象,難道不應該被翻轉一下嗎?</span>formosanerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02414754260824769522noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5858441145873820517.post-66772480576094331932016-02-19T22:10:00.000+08:002016-02-19T22:10:04.227+08:00黃國昌的開春第一炮 - 給大家上了一堂語言學課<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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今天,黃國昌開春第一炮在立院的質詢,出現一些有梗的用語,比如:</div>
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<span class="_5yi- _5yi_ _19ij" style="background-color: #f6f7f8; font-family: Menlo, Consolas, Monaco, monospace; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; padding: 4px;">...這個就是我現在要make the point...紙上作業2055年最終處置場要設置完成的這個schedule會on time......你們當初啟動所謂的程序的時候,有沒有把選址,site selection這個概念放在你們程序當中...我知道台電在2014年所提出來的報告當中,已經想到了這個alternative...這個就是我現在要make a point...</span><span class="_5yi_ _19ij" style="background-color: #f6f7f8; font-family: Menlo, Consolas, Monaco, monospace; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; padding: 4px;">(</span><span class="_19ij" style="background-color: #f6f7f8; font-family: Menlo, Consolas, Monaco, monospace; font-size: 15px; padding: 4px;">黃國昌質詢全文連結:</span><a href="http://l.facebook.com/l.php?u=http%3A%2F%2Fdisp.cc%2Fb%2F163-9fIV&h=qAQG5WmDm&s=1" rel="nofollow" style="color: #3b5998; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><span class="_19ij" style="background-color: #f6f7f8; font-family: Menlo, Consolas, Monaco, monospace; font-size: 15px; padding: 4px;">http://disp.cc/b/163-9fIV</span></a><span class="_19ij" style="background-color: #f6f7f8; font-family: Menlo, Consolas, Monaco, monospace; font-size: 15px; padding: 4px;">)</span></div>
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黃國昌的質詢很冗長。我擷取出來這一小部分是要讓大家注意,他的說話在某些地方會用<span class="_5yi-" style="font-weight: bold;">英語</span>。</div>
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這種在一段話或一段主題呈述中會參雜或交錯使用兩種語言的現象,叫做語碼轉換(code-switching)。</div>
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<a name='more'></a>造成語碼轉換現象的原因主要有五個:</div>
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<span class="_5yi-" style="font-weight: bold;">1. 展現群我認同。</span></div>
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<span class="_5yi-" style="font-weight: bold;">2. 展現自己的社經地位。</span></div>
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<span class="_5yi-" style="font-weight: bold;">3. 因談論的主題而做語碼轉換。</span></div>
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<span class="_5yi-" style="font-weight: bold;">4. 吸引聽眾注意。</span></div>
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<span class="_5yi-" style="font-weight: bold;">5. 表現情緒。</span></div>
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有一點要特別注意的,語碼轉換跟借詞不同 - 借詞的出現,往往是因為自已的語言中缺少這些詞彙,因此必須藉用別種語言的詞彙,而這些被借到自己語言中的詞彙,它的發音往往會變成自己語言的發音;比如,台語說的khōng-phu-lé-sà來自英語的compressor(壓縮機),台語的khăng-páng來自日語的 かんばん(看板,招牌)。</div>
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通常語碼轉換所使用的語詞是「本身的語言就已經有的」,卻用它種語言替代。會如此進行語碼轉換的人有個先決條件是「對兩種或多種語言具有一定的掌握能力」。</div>
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上面提及的五種語碼轉換的原因從第五點講起:表現情緒。比如說我對德語有一定的掌握,我會用Scheisse (= shit,但是對老德國人來說其實是髒字眼)表現我不滿不爽的情緒。現今台灣的年輕人很多不太會說台語,但是大部分都會罵 kàn-lín-niâ(也有人故意用這樣的髒字眼來做搞笑的表現),他們知道講這句話的時候就是表現情緒的時候了。</div>
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第四點,吸引聽眾注意。通常是在一定主題之下,講著講著就使用專有名詞或者轉換語碼,用以喚起聽眾的注意。</div>
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第三點,跟主題有關的語碼轉換,想一下醫生間的談話,他們往往會在母語之間夾雜使用大量英語 - 這不是故意表現他們的專業,而是同行之間的溝通模式。即使不是專業行家間的談話,某些主題討論的語碼轉換也會是不可避免的。</div>
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第二點,展現社經地位。因為能夠掌握兩種(或以上)語言的人,往往是受過良好教育的人,社經地位較高。當然,這不一定,尤其在台灣,那些橫跨過戰前戰後的老人家,往往能夠掌握日語、台語、華語,甚至英語,但是卻少有高社經地位哩。</div>
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現在台灣的年輕世代往往只會單一語言 - 華語。就算仍能掌握台語或其他母語,但,算了,那些語言都已經被邊緣化了啊。如果某甲在言談中某些特定的地方轉換語碼為英語,恩,you know,他正在呈現他是受過教育的哩。如果某甲在言談中特定一些單詞轉換語碼成日語,恩,也許他看了很多謎片?</div>
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第一點,展現群我認同,用以在我群以及它群間進行區別/或建立關係。舉個例子,台語有個故意的語碼轉換的用法:lí mā 好 ah。其中的「好」要讀成華語發音。使用這句話的狀況,往往是在反諷、暗諷,故意採取「好(華語)」安插在台語句子之中,其實亦在區別台華。</div>
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語言學家 Roger Hewitt 舉過一個例子:</div>
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<span class="_5yi_ _19ij" style="background-color: #f6f7f8; font-family: Menlo, Consolas, Monaco, monospace; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; padding: 4px;">White boy: Oh, Royston, ya goin' football on Saturday?</span></div>
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<span class="_5yi_ _19ij" style="background-color: #f6f7f8; font-family: Menlo, Consolas, Monaco, monospace; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; padding: 4px;">Black boy: Mi na go football! Who for?</span></div>
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<span class="_5yi_ _19ij" style="background-color: #f6f7f8; font-family: Menlo, Consolas, Monaco, monospace; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; padding: 4px;">White boy: Check some gyal later.</span></div>
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<span class="_5yi_ _19ij" style="background-color: #f6f7f8; font-family: Menlo, Consolas, Monaco, monospace; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; padding: 4px;">Black boy: Na. Mi na wan check gyal now.</span></div>
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<span class="_5yi_ _19ij" style="background-color: #f6f7f8; font-family: Menlo, Consolas, Monaco, monospace; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; padding: 4px;">White boy: Rassclaht! Fink ya bent' (Hewitt, 1986)</span></div>
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在這個例子中,白人男孩刻意的使用雅買加當地的克里歐語(creole,一種混合語),用以在我群和他群間建立聯繫。</div>
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黃國昌在質詢過程中的語碼轉換,我認為他的動機是2跟4(即便他沒有意識到自己的動機)。黃國昌是不是受過高等教育的人呢?是!黃國昌是不是能夠掌握華語跟英語的人呢?是!(<span class="_19ij" style="background-color: #f6f7f8; font-family: Menlo, Consolas, Monaco, monospace; font-size: 15px; padding: 4px;">但是他無法掌握台語,啊,那不重要,都邊緣化了。。。</span>)</div>
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黃國昌用英語表現的部分,難道華語沒有相同語意的詞彙嗎?當然有!但請注意他用英語表現的地方,顯然是他要強調的重點,忽然轉換成英語,強調跟吸引聽眾耳朵的企圖很明顯了!</div>
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黃國昌的語碼轉換讓我想起一個人 - <span class="_5yi-" style="font-weight: bold;">蔡同榮</span>:他在立院中質詢是以台語為主要的使用語言,他受過高等教育,他可以掌握台語、英語跟華語。 但是他似乎不像今天的黃國昌那樣金光閃閃哩,也許是因為時代,也許因為他使用了台語(<span class="_19ij" style="background-color: #f6f7f8; font-family: Menlo, Consolas, Monaco, monospace; font-size: 15px; padding: 4px;">政治不正確的語碼?</span>)。</div>
formosanerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02414754260824769522noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5858441145873820517.post-71175105687575727642016-02-01T11:42:00.001+08:002016-02-01T12:27:25.852+08:00四本台語醫學相關書籍介紹<div class="normal" style="margin-left: -1.5pt;">
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> 台語能夠作為承載知識的工具嗎?多數人對此可能都會抱持懷疑;畢竟大家從小到大的知識取得,大部分是透過華語,有一些是透過英語。台語也許只能跟那些非主流冷知識有關吧 - 比如說,四句聯、孽譎仔話、宗教、習俗...。直白一點說,中國國民黨獨尊華語的語言政策在執行了半個世紀久之後,台語跟知識已經變成兩個陌生人,台語只剩下作為辨識慣習(custom)的功能。(以上,將台灣其他的母語放入,也是一樣的喔)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 18.4px; text-indent: 36pt;"> 假設,台語的確不適宜承載具現代性的知識,那麼我們將無法找到任何有關台語與具現代性知識相關的證據。反之,台語若能承載現代性知識,那麼我們必然可以找到相關的蛛絲馬跡,而今天台語和知識異化(alienation)的現象,就讓人更應該去深思,台語的知識性功能和知識性價值,為什麼會被取消?該如何翻轉此種現象?</span></span></div>
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<a name='more'></a> <span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> 生物醫學(biomedical science)是現代知識裡,自然科學中一個重要的支柱。以下介紹四本台語書籍,或為醫學教科書、專門手冊,或為科普書! 開始介紹這些書之前,先來簡單講一下台語的書寫系統:<span style="color: red;">白話字</span>。 <br /><br /><span style="background-color: yellow;">清領時期乃至日治時期,外國來台的傳教士均會學習當地語言以向當地人進行宣教的事工。為了方便學習當地的語言,他們利用羅馬字創造台語的書面文字,透過紙本傳播台語譯本的聖經、箴言、詩歌以及其他宣教資料等。在傳教事業上採用這樣的書面文字的,歷來有屬於基督教的真耶穌教會、浸信會、和長老教會,並有屬於天主教的道明會以及戰後來台的馬利諾會。其中,基督教長老教會對此用力最深;其在1885年採用全羅馬字印行了長老教會的機關報 − 台灣府城教會報,成為台灣歷史上最早發行的報紙;這份報紙並且持續以全羅馬字印行直到戰後的1969年。為了使信徒能夠閱讀聖經,其利用主日學以及其他相關機構(例如台南新樓醫院),教授信徒台語羅馬字,並且鼓勵信徒以羅馬字書寫台語投稿台灣府城教會報,台語羅馬字文本因此大量累積,為我們留下許多珍貴的時事紀錄以及台語語料。 <br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">歷史上天主教或基督教的傳教士們來台傳教時,習慣上都將聖經翻譯成當地的語言,也以當地的語言宣揚福音,俾使當地的人可以用自己的語言來敬拜上帝;而一般人日常的言說與經由傳統漢學書面語所學習而來的說話方式,在發音以及語用上有很大的不同;所以,一般日常中對話的言語即是「白話」,因此,基督教長老教會傳統上即稱呼這些以羅馬字拼音書寫的台語字為白話字,也就是本文所稱的白話字。 </span></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span><br />
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<b style="line-height: 18.4px; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="color: red; font-size: large;">台語醫學相關書籍:</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">身體理</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8Sq9XvGpbjxJbe2jJMkktnrMRxh42TLM7RF_rpPhq9LqZXRufK-iLdAIST7A7jpaydVQ4gUZSUplwoBfQQos-ZUddeuRWf4tkOvTCq321nb57mMDCMPcqz7jZ7u9YeoZbzLQnZGwwKgWy/s1600/%25E8%259E%25A2%25E5%25B9%2595%25E5%25BF%25AB%25E7%2585%25A7+2016-02-01+11.17.32.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8Sq9XvGpbjxJbe2jJMkktnrMRxh42TLM7RF_rpPhq9LqZXRufK-iLdAIST7A7jpaydVQ4gUZSUplwoBfQQos-ZUddeuRWf4tkOvTCq321nb57mMDCMPcqz7jZ7u9YeoZbzLQnZGwwKgWy/s320/%25E8%259E%25A2%25E5%25B9%2595%25E5%25BF%25AB%25E7%2585%25A7+2016-02-01+11.17.32.png" width="182" /></span></a><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: 36pt;">身體理為本書的一般簡稱。本書完整的白話字書名為<span lang="EN-US">Sin-thé-lí ê chóng-lūn</span>(身體理的總論)。該書作者不詳。目前所知有三個版本,第一個版本為<span lang="EN-US">1896</span>年出版,<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5858441145873820517#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[1]</span></sup></span></span></sup></a></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: 36pt;">第二版為<span lang="EN-US">1908</span>年出版,</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5858441145873820517#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="text-indent: 36pt;" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[2]</span></sup></span></span></sup></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: 36pt;">第三版的出版年份不詳。</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5858441145873820517#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="text-indent: 36pt;" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[3]</span></sup></span></span></sup></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: 36pt;">初版及第二版皆有註明該書在廈門鼓浪嶼(<span lang="EN-US">Ē-mn̂g kó</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: 36pt;">͘</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: 36pt;">-lōng-sū</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: 36pt;">),萃經堂(<span lang="EN-US">chūi-keng-tông</span>)印。第三版則沒有註明於什麼地方印製,並且其封面僅寫<span lang="EN-US">Sin-thé-lí</span>而無<span lang="EN-US">chóng-lūn</span>兩字。這三個版本內頁均不超過一百頁,分為十四章,內容涵蓋現今所認知的人體解剖學(<span lang="EN-US">anatomy</span>)以及生理學(<span lang="EN-US">physiology</span>),並且在主要內容之後附有問答練習題。由於本書的初版及再版都是在廈門印製,但卻在台灣流通,<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5858441145873820517#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[4]</span></sup></span></span></sup></a></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: 36pt;">暗示了本書極可能是十九世紀末至二十世紀初期,廣泛為傳教士進行醫療傳道時所採用的西醫師教科書之一;該本書所附的大量問答練習題,支持了該書的定位確為醫學教科書。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">不同於前兩個版本,該書的第三版可能是在日治中或後期,甚至戰後,於台灣本地印製出版。兩項證據支持以上推論。第一,第三版不再標注於廈門鼓浪嶼萃經堂印;第二,第三版頁數雖然比之前兩個版本少,但一些語句或詞彙的使用有明顯改寫過的痕跡,文句較為符合台灣人的語感,如下面的例子:</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">(<span lang="EN-US">i</span>)<span lang="EN-US">...lâng lóng bōe bêng-pe</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">̍</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">k chai, ia</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">̍</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">h ū hāng nā siông-sè séng chhat chiū ōe
chhui chhut </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">(漢字轉寫<span lang="EN-US">...</span>人攏袂明白知,抑有項若詳細省察就會推出。)<span lang="EN-US">- </span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">身體理,<span lang="EN-US">1908</span>年版,總序第一段</span></i><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">。 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">(<span lang="EN-US">ii</span>)<span lang="EN-US">...lâng bē lóng-chóng bêng-pe</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">̍</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">k chai, liân phok-ha</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">̍</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">k ê i-su chhâ-chhut iáu-kú lóng bē kàu-tóe,
m̄-kú ū hāng í-keng hun-bêng thang kì, hō</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">͘</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tha</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">̍</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">k ê lâng chai </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">(漢字轉寫<span lang="EN-US">...</span>人袂攏總明白知,連博學的醫師查出猶閣攏袂到底,毋過有項已經分明通記,予讀的人知。)<span lang="EN-US">- </span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">身體理,第三版,總序第一段</span></i><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">。 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">比較以上的句子,不難看出第三版的句子雖然仍與現代人的台語語感有落差,但較為貼近台語,並且論述也較為仔細。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">此外,一些來自日語的借詞並未在前兩版出現,但卻在第三版中出現。比如以下的例子:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">(<span lang="EN-US">iii</span>)<span lang="EN-US">...Kut sī nn̄g hō chit lâi ha</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">̍</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">p chiâ</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">ⁿ</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"> ê, chi</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">̍</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">t-hō sī Tē-chit, </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">(地質)<span lang="EN-US">chi</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">̍</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">t hō sī Seng-chit</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">(生質) (漢字轉寫<span lang="EN-US">...</span>骨是二號質來合成的,一號是地質,一號是生質。)<span lang="EN-US"> - </span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">身體理,<span lang="EN-US">1908</span>年版,「論骨」</span></i><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">。 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">(<span lang="EN-US">xi</span>)<span lang="EN-US">...kut sī nn̄g hō chit lâi ha</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">̍</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">p chiâ</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">ⁿ</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"> ê, chi</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">̍</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">t hō sī khòng-bu</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">̍</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">t-chit, chi</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">̍</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">t hō sī seng-bu</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">̍</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">t-chit </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">(漢字轉寫<span lang="EN-US">...</span>骨是二號質來合成的,一號是礦物質,一號是生物質。)<span lang="EN-US"> - </span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">身體理,第三版,「論骨」</span></i><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">。 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">比較以上的句子,第三版將之前版本的地質和生質改為礦物質和生物質。礦物質一詞來自日文:鉱物質(こうぶつしつ),而生物質則是日文:生物(せいぶつ)和質(しつ)所形成的複合詞。日語詞的出現,顯示本書極有可能是在日治時期的台灣所重新編寫的。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">身體理一書從最初版本到第三版的演變,呈現了台灣醫學教育在日治時期以後在地化的趨向。可惜的是,台灣本地的醫學教育並沒有以身體理一書的演進為基礎,繼續往在地化的歷程邁進。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">內外科看護學</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.happymount.org.tw/sites/default/files/imagecache/w600/%E5%85%A7%E5%A4%96%E7%A7%91%E7%9C%8B%E8%AD%B7%E5%AD%B801.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><img border="0" src="http://www.happymount.org.tw/sites/default/files/imagecache/w600/%E5%85%A7%E5%A4%96%E7%A7%91%E7%9C%8B%E8%AD%B7%E5%AD%B801.png" height="320" width="216" /></span></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">內外科看護學,書名的白話字為<span lang="EN-US">Lāi gōa
kho Khà</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">ⁿ</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">-hō</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">͘</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">-ha</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">̍</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">k</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">,英文名稱為<span lang="EN-US">The principles and practice of nursing</span>。書的封面並且有加註小字說明:<span lang="EN-US">Designed for the use of nurses reading</span>;翻開封面裡面的白話字首頁還有特別註明:書內有五百零三幅圖,其中十七幅為彩色圖。書後載明,本書為大正六年<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5858441145873820517#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[5]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">十月五日印刷,大正六年十月八日發行。本書是在日本印刷,負責本書印刷的是日本橫濱市山下町的福音印刷合資會社。</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5858441145873820517#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[6]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">台灣台南新樓醫院以及新樓冊房負責發行。整本書包含索引,厚達六百七十五頁。書的作者兼發行者為戴仁壽(<span lang="EN-US">G. Gushue-Taylor</span>)醫師。從本書封面的小字說明,以及書內英文的<span lang="EN-US">preface</span>和白話字的頭序(<span lang="EN-US">thâu-sū</span>),可以確定本書寫作的目的就是作為醫學教科書:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">The
title chosen for this work, which has been borrowed from Sir William Osler’s
Text-book on Medicine, will indicate its aim and scope. (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">English Preface</i>)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">白話字頭序則對編寫本書的目的說明得更詳細:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Pī-pān chit pún chheh ê bo</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">̍</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">k-tek sī beh chòe sa</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">ⁿ</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"> téng ê lâng ê lō</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">͘</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">-ēng</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">:<span lang="EN-US">...ū pī</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">ⁿ</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"> ê lâng...Tâi-oân-lâng kap...ōe hiáu tha</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">̍</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">k Ē-mn̂g khiu</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">ⁿ</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"> ê lâng...gōa-kok soan-kàu-su. </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">(漢字轉寫:備辦這本冊的目的是欲做三等的人的路用:<span lang="EN-US">...</span>有病的人<span lang="EN-US">...</span>台灣人佮<span lang="EN-US">...</span>會曉讀廈門腔的人<span lang="EN-US">...</span>外國宣教師。)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">總和來說,本書毫無疑問的是一本<span style="color: red;">醫學教科</span>書,其對象是在台灣的醫護人員,伴隨著醫療宣教,外國宣教師自然也是本書的教育對象,然而最特別的是,本書還是為病人而寫的:<span lang="EN-US">...</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">ǹ</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">g-bāng
in ê kan-khó</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">͘</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">
ōe khah khin </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">(漢字轉寫:向望怹的艱苦會較輕)。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">本書共分為四篇四十章,分別是解剖學佮生理學,普通看護學,外科看護學,內科看護學。這些內容來自包括上述「身體理」在內的數十本十九世紀末與二十世紀初的生理學、解剖學以及看護學教科書的綜合整理;而除了身體理以外,多數參考書籍皆為英文書籍,因此本書可謂台灣日治時期,除官方醫療教育體系以及傳統漢醫體系之外,西方醫學知識在台灣傳播的最重要文本。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">公用的藥方</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.art-restoration.org/ch/publication-churchhospital-ch_files/handbook1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><img border="0" src="http://www.art-restoration.org/ch/publication-churchhospital-ch_files/handbook1.jpg" height="283" width="400" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">此書全名為:<span lang="EN-US">Tâi-lâm,
Chiang-hòa, Tiú</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">ⁿ</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">-ló-kàu
i-koán, Kong-iōng ê io</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">̍</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">h-hng
</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">(台南,彰化,長老教醫館,公用的藥方)。這本書至少有兩個版本,然而,現在保存在彰化基督教醫院的原版書只有印製出版於<span lang="EN-US">1922</span>年的第二版。該版的共同編譯者為:馬雅各醫師(<span lang="EN-US">James L. Maxwell
M.D.</span>)、<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5858441145873820517#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[7]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">蘭大衛醫師(<span lang="EN-US">David Landsborough M.B., C.M.</span>)以及周惠憐醫師(<span lang="EN-US">Percy
Cheal M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P.</span>)。這三位作者中,馬雅各醫師以及周惠憐醫師先後皆曾服務及主持台南新樓醫館(今之新樓醫院)(<span lang="EN-US">1901 -1923</span>;<span lang="EN-US">1923- 1932</span>),而蘭大衛醫師則是彰化基督教醫院的第一任院長,同時也是創辦人之一。</span><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5858441145873820517#_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title="">[8]</a></span></sup></span></span></sup></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: 36pt;">以現今的觀點來看,這本公用的藥方可謂「口袋書」。全書分為六章,包含封面在內總共<span lang="EN-US">39</span>頁。第一、二、六章內容描述醫院常用藥,這些藥的配製方法以及用量,我們可以將之視為台灣第一本有系統的以台語書寫的藥典。二十世紀初期,台灣人普遍遭受寄生蟲感染,其中受到鉤蟲感染的患者約佔寄生蟲病患者的<span lang="EN-US">14.4%</span>。</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5858441145873820517#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="text-indent: 36pt;" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[9]</span></sup></span></span></sup></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: 36pt;">馬雅各醫師認為,台灣的農夫可能有<span lang="EN-US">50%</span>皆患有鉤蟲病,而以園藝種菜為主的工作者,感染率更可能達<span lang="EN-US">100%</span>。</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5858441145873820517#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="text-indent: 36pt;" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[10]</span></sup></span></span></sup></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: 36pt;">所以本書的第三章特別記錄了關於鉤蟲病的治療方法。第四章則專章描述尿液檢驗的方法,第五章則是準備血液抹片以供顯微鏡觀察的方法;這兩章可說是記錄了早期生化檢驗的方法。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">值得一提的是,書中對於許多醫學「專有名詞」並不進行翻譯。比如在第五章:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Ní Malaria ê goân-thiông ê hoat-tō</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">͘</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">(漢字轉寫:染<span lang="EN-US">Malaria</span>原蟲的法度)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">...</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Leishman ê ní-sek<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1/2-1 hun kú</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">(漢字轉寫:<span lang="EN-US">Leishman</span>的染色<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1/2 -1</span>分久)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">其中,<span lang="EN-US">Malaria</span>是當時台灣人普遍知道的日語借詞:マラリヤ,也就是瘧疾。而<span lang="EN-US">Leishman
stain</span>在今天的華語一般翻譯為利什曼染色法。在本書中類似的專有名詞均不做翻譯,而以英文呈現,暗示當時的醫師即使是台灣人,也必須具備閱讀理解英文的能力。然而本書其餘描述性的部分,即使是專業性的,均是採用白話字書寫,這使接受教育訓練的台灣人醫師可以以自己的母語理解醫學知識,也有能力使用適當的台語與患者溝通。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">醫藥手冊</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmmn2WIYQN2mwB1U_k5YfNCh6-4l-6u8OtgywFbiMWz-oy4iVb0a81xKHQuiEUcrVpzqRcbJyeguYWtdaoZ9vlDFhAsCkhL93wGKiEW4r8eNhwgfn4VEnAt4GnysSEQqfcPjyTMgiYHPhE/s1600/%25E8%259E%25A2%25E5%25B9%2595%25E5%25BF%25AB%25E7%2585%25A7+2016-02-01+11.30.14.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmmn2WIYQN2mwB1U_k5YfNCh6-4l-6u8OtgywFbiMWz-oy4iVb0a81xKHQuiEUcrVpzqRcbJyeguYWtdaoZ9vlDFhAsCkhL93wGKiEW4r8eNhwgfn4VEnAt4GnysSEQqfcPjyTMgiYHPhE/s400/%25E8%259E%25A2%25E5%25B9%2595%25E5%25BF%25AB%25E7%2585%25A7+2016-02-01+11.30.14.png" width="276" /></span></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">此書全名為:A<span lang="EN-US"> glossary of medical
terminology</span>。此書與上述三本著作最大的不同有兩點,第一,其出版單位為位於台中市,隸屬於天主教瑪利諾會的<span lang="EN-US">Maryknoll Lsanguage School</span>。第二,此書是在戰後的<span lang="EN-US">1975</span>年出版。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">天主教瑪利諾會在<span lang="EN-US">1919</span>年至<span lang="EN-US">1949</span>年之間,主要在中國的廣東、廣西以及東北一帶傳教。中國爆發內戰後,該會的傳教士隨中國的戰爭難民一起來到台灣,他們來台之後的傳教區域主要是在台中、彰化、南投以及苗栗地區。</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5858441145873820517#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[11]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">這些先前待過中國的傳教士,可能能夠使用客語或者華語,但在以台語為通用語的台灣社會中,迫使他們必須學習台語以服務新的信徒;這個因素促使天主教瑪利諾會成立語言學校,並採用基督教長老教會的台語白話字系統,印行各式台語教材,訓練神職人員。來台的天主教瑪利諾會因而跟在台歷史悠久的基督教長老教會有了合作的關係;在<span lang="EN-US">1970</span>年代,位於台中的天主教瑪利諾會語言學校甚至參與了「高陳台灣白話聖經譯本(<span lang="EN-US">The
Ko-Tân Colloquial Taiwanese Version</span>)」</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5858441145873820517#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[12]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">的編輯。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">遷移至台灣的天主教瑪利諾會反映了其鑲嵌在台灣社會紋理中的在地化歷程,而參與台語教育和台語聖經的編寫則是此在地化歷程的標竿。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5858441145873820517" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">醫藥手冊的作者為瑪利諾會的王澤民(<span lang="EN-US">James A.
Collignon</span>)神父,他在序言中寫道:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">(the
book) has been prepared for the layman, not for the medical professional....for
the foreigners who speaks Chinese and who needs to know words that have
reference to medicine...of a non-technical nature. ...</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTZ7Ty9vY6ZOUOgEYyl7BlWcpl_jI7tOANtF8PSDqW7n1GTSDdtZbhPc9N9DJ5XZBdAxaggCyH0GbuHWOSY3MQejTYIPSBpa7F0vi4AwyAfeP9TwUQAUgKNNoi7_vcBWyB_bH363DQxMJz/s1600/%25E8%259E%25A2%25E5%25B9%2595%25E5%25BF%25AB%25E7%2585%25A7+2016-02-01+11.31.49.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTZ7Ty9vY6ZOUOgEYyl7BlWcpl_jI7tOANtF8PSDqW7n1GTSDdtZbhPc9N9DJ5XZBdAxaggCyH0GbuHWOSY3MQejTYIPSBpa7F0vi4AwyAfeP9TwUQAUgKNNoi7_vcBWyB_bH363DQxMJz/s400/%25E8%259E%25A2%25E5%25B9%2595%25E5%25BF%25AB%25E7%2585%25A7+2016-02-01+11.31.49.png" width="272" /></span></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">這更確立了「在地化」為隱含在本書的重要旨趣。本書目的在使非醫療技術專業的人員以及能說華語的人,能夠透過非專業術語去了解必要的醫學知識,並且知道某些醫學語彙的台語說法。這本書的內容僅僅九十六頁,以英文字母為順序,從第一個單字<span lang="EN-US">abdoman</span>到最後一個詞<span lang="EN-US">Yellow fever</span>,每一個英文的醫學詞彙,後面都會有三個欄位,分別是華語漢字、白話字、華語音標(採用威妥瑪拼音)。特別值得注意的是:白話字的上頭會特別以數字標出聲調的變調;當台語詞與華語詞無對應時,則只有寫出白話字。</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">本書雖然並不定位為醫學教科書,但它是將醫學專業術語轉譯給非醫學專業背景的人很好的文本範例。這在注重醫病關係的今日,相當值得吾人參考。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5858441145873820517#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[4]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">朱真一,<span lang="EN-US">2013</span>。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5858441145873820517#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[5]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">大正六年即<span lang="EN-US">1918</span>年。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5858441145873820517#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[7]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">為了與宣教師馬雅各(<span lang="EN-US">James Laidlaw Maxwell</span>)區別,通常稱此位馬雅各醫師為馬雅各二世;他是宣教師馬雅各的次子。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5858441145873820517#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[8]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">現今之彰化基督教醫院為</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt;">1896</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt;">11</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">月,由蘭大衛醫師和梅鑑霧牧師(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Rev. Campbell N. Moody M.A.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> D.D.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">,白話字名:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Mûi Kàm-bū</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">)共同創辦。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5858441145873820517#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[9]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">感染人類的鉤蟲主要有十二指腸鉤蟲和美洲鉤蟲,日治時期台灣的鉤蟲病患者主要是受到十二指腸鉤蟲感染。劉翠溶,<span lang="EN-US">2008</span>,頁<span lang="EN-US"> 523-590</span>。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5858441145873820517#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[10]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> Jefferys W. and Maxwell J., 1910, pp. 181.</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5858441145873820517#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[11]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> Madsen R.</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">,<span lang="EN-US">2012</span>。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5858441145873820517#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[12]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">此聖經一般稱之為「紅皮聖經」。該聖經的特點是採用台中腔台語書寫,完全擺脫舊譯本(巴克禮聖經)中廈門話的殘留;而該聖經的印刷成品未及面市隨即被警總沒收。參閱:梁淑慧,<span lang="EN-US">2004</span>。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">參考資料:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-39f556c7-9ae6-7be0-228f-45caa6e58506"></span></span><br /></span></div>
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<li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5858441145873820517" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="line-height: 1.2;">朱真一。(2013) 台灣早期的學徒式醫學教育(1)林燕臣先生:第一位台灣人「醫學教授」。台灣醫學。56, 2, 59-63.</span></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5858441145873820517" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 1.2; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 1.2; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="line-height: 1.2;">劉士永,顧雅文。2008。< 以寄生蟲病做為二十世紀臺灣環境變遷的一項指標:初劉翠溶,步探討。>劉翠溶主編,《自然與人為互動:環境史研究的視角》。台北: 中央研究院、聯經出版公司。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 1.2; white-space: pre-wrap;">Jefferys W. and Maxwell J. (1910)</span><i style="line-height: 1.2; white-space: pre-wrap;">The diseases of China : including Formosa and Korea. </i><span style="line-height: 1.2; white-space: pre-wrap;"> London : Bale & Danielsson.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 1.2; white-space: pre-wrap;">Madsen, R. (2012) 台灣天主教會的成長與衰退: 以瑪利諾會的兩個傳教區為例。台灣學誌,6: 53-76.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 1.2; white-space: pre-wrap;">梁淑慧。(2004) 台語新約聖經三種版本的台灣社會實況化研究。 國立新竹師範學院。碩士論文。</span></div>
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formosanerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02414754260824769522noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5858441145873820517.post-51293397635680653552016-01-28T11:40:00.001+08:002016-01-28T11:40:23.445+08:00清法戰爭時期歐洲人眼中的北台灣<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">本文是下列論文的心得摘要,</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">楊玉菁。2009。〈清法戰爭時期歐洲人眼中的北臺灣─以《孤拔元帥的小水手》與《北台封鎖記》為例〉,《文史台灣學報》創刊號, P276 - 302。</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">本文章以兩本清法戰爭時期,來台法國士兵Jean以及,在台英國商人陶德,這兩人所觀察記錄的文本。跳脫官方文獻框架,重建當時歐洲人眼中的北台灣華人社會,經濟等狀況。<br /><br /><span style="color: blue;">(華人一詞,應是Chinese或chinois的翻譯。本文作者,或原文本作者顯然沒有在文字上區分定居台灣的居民和從中國大陸來的清兵/官員。以下仍保留使用華人一詞。)</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #da0002; font-weight: bold; line-height: 57.6px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"> 清法戰爭</span></span><br />
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<span class="qowt-font1-Arial" id="E317" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E317" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">*1884 - 1885, 清國與法國終因長期的越南問題爆發戰事。</span></span></div>
<div class="E321 list-type-buNone" id="E321" is="qowt-point-para" qowt-eid="E321" qowt-level="0" style="background-color: white; counter-increment: none; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0px; pointer-events: none; text-indent: -12pt; white-space: nowrap;">
<span class="qowt-font1-Arial" id="E320" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E320" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">*台灣無端被捲入。1884/08/02,孤拔中將(vice-amiral Courbet)下令攻擊基隆,以解除武裝奪取煤礦為目標。</span></span></div>
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<span class="qowt-font1-Arial" id="E323" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E323" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">*1884/08/23,孤拔率軍隊攻陷福州。其原意繼續北上佔領威海和旅順,但法方不願擴大戰事導致各國干涉。故授權孤拔以基隆為補給地。</span></span></div>
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<span class="qowt-font1-Arial" id="E326" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E326" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">*1884/10/01,基隆港失守。同時法國海軍也準備攻佔淡水港。</span></span></div>
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<span class="qowt-font1-Arial" id="E329" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E329" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">*清軍以石沉船封鎖淡水港使船隻無法進入。</span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #da0002; font-family: times, 'times new roman', serif; font-size: large; font-weight: bold; line-height: 57.6px; text-indent: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">西仔反</span></div>
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<span class="qowt-font1-Arial" id="E348" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E348" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">*戰時台灣人反應:</span></span></div>
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<span class="qowt-font1-Arial" id="E351" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E351" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">「<span style="color: blue;">西仔來拍咱台灣,百姓合齊欲征番</span>」</span></span></div>
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<span class="qowt-font1-Arial" id="E356" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E356" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">*戰時華人表現:</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span class="qowt-font2-TimesNewRoman" id="E359" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E359" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;">Jean</span><span class="qowt-font1-Arial" id="E361" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E361" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;">認為華人很聰明機靈,既狡猾又愛吹毛求疵,但是戰爭中一些簡單的邏輯或戰術卻常常沒想到。不過實際交戰時卻又害怕於華人可怕的韌性與頑固。</span></span></div>
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<span class="qowt-font1-Arial" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E361" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="E386 list-type-buNone" id="E386" is="qowt-point-para" qowt-eid="E386" qowt-level="0" style="background-color: white; counter-increment: none; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0px; pointer-events: none; text-indent: -12pt; white-space: nowrap;">
<span class="qowt-font1-Arial" id="E385" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E385" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">*華人若於戰事中受傷,當局並未安排妥善醫療救護事宜,傷兵常需要自行前往大稻埕與滬尾馬偕創設的偕醫館求醫。</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: times, 'times new roman', serif; font-size: large; line-height: 1.2; text-indent: -12pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">陶德記錄:有位左肩被子彈貫穿鎖骨的傷兵,在醫院躺了十天,有天突然抓起槍桿跑回軍營。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span class="qowt-font1-Arial" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E361" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span></span></div>
<div class="E396 list-type-buNone" id="E396" is="qowt-point-para" qowt-eid="E396" qowt-level="0" style="background-color: white; counter-increment: none; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0px; pointer-events: none; text-indent: -12pt; white-space: nowrap;">
<span class="qowt-font3" id="E395" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E395" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Jean說華人熱愛自己的國家像是有股狂熱,入侵這樣的國家肯定有苦頭吃...但也是有「<span style="color: blue;">台奸</span>」的存在。</span></span></div>
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<span class="qowt-font3" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E395" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span class="qowt-font3" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E395" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #da0002; font-weight: bold; line-height: 57.6px; text-indent: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">經濟封鎖</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span class="qowt-font1-Arial" id="E414" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E414" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;">*法方下令於1884年10月23日子夜起封鎖台灣全島</span><span class="qowt-font1-Arial" id="E416" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E416" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;">。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span class="qowt-font2-TimesNewRoman" id="E422" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E422" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;">根據Jean的書信表示,法方其實無法有效封鎖台灣,但仍然對台灣人民的貿易、經濟、</span><span class="qowt-font2-TimesNewRoman" id="E424" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E424" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;">生活</span><span class="qowt-font2-TimesNewRoman" id="E426" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E426" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;">造成</span><span class="qowt-font2-TimesNewRoman" id="E428" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E428" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;">極大</span><span class="qowt-font2-TimesNewRoman" id="E430" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E430" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;">的影響。洋商們也有著許多不滿與怨懟,更糟的是洋行因貿易停擺蒙受了極大損失。</span></span></div>
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<span class="qowt-font1-Arial" id="E451" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E451" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" />*商人哄抬物價,造成物價飛漲,民生物資價格高漲,底層人民生活更苦。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span class="qowt-font1-Arial" id="E456" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E456" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;">*</span><span class="qowt-font1-Arial" id="E458" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E458" style="color: #0066d8; cursor: text; display: inline; white-space: pre-wrap;">封鎖主要目的是對清國內地施加壓力。1885/02法軍開始查禁米糧輸出,使中國華北有饑荒之虞。三月攻佔澎湖,封鎖更嚴,迫使清廷急欲結束戰爭。</span></span></div>
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<div class="E459 list-type-buNone" id="E459" is="qowt-point-para" qowt-eid="E459" qowt-level="0" style="background-color: white; counter-increment: none; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0px; pointer-events: none; text-indent: -12pt; white-space: nowrap;">
<span class="qowt-font1-Arial" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E458" style="color: #0066d8; cursor: text; display: inline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #da0002; font-weight: bold; line-height: 57.6px; text-indent: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">戰時現象</span></span></span></div>
<div class="E478 list-type-buNone" id="E478" is="qowt-point-para" qowt-eid="E478" qowt-level="0" style="background-color: white; counter-increment: none; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0px; pointer-events: none; text-indent: -12pt; white-space: nowrap;">
<span class="qowt-font1-Arial" id="E477" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E477" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">*走私最夯</span></span></div>
<div class="E478 list-type-buNone" id="E478" is="qowt-point-para" qowt-eid="E478" qowt-level="0" style="background-color: white; counter-increment: none; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0px; pointer-events: none; text-indent: -12pt; white-space: nowrap;">
<span class="qowt-font1-Arial" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E477" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="E459 list-type-buNone" id="E459" is="qowt-point-para" qowt-eid="E459" qowt-level="0" style="background-color: white; counter-increment: none; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0px; pointer-events: none; text-indent: -12pt; white-space: nowrap;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span class="qowt-font1-Arial" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E458" style="color: #0066d8; cursor: text; display: inline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span></span></div>
<div class="E487 list-type-buNone" id="E487" is="qowt-point-para" qowt-eid="E487" qowt-level="0" style="background-color: white; counter-increment: none; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0px; pointer-events: none; text-indent: -12pt; white-space: nowrap;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span class="qowt-font1-Arial" id="E482" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E482" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;">民間盛行以輕便的</span><span class="qowt-font1-Arial" id="E484" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E484" style="color: red; cursor: text; display: inline; white-space: pre-wrap;">戎克船</span><span class="qowt-font1-Arial" id="E486" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E486" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;">偷渡缺乏的物資,只有此種船能克服港口條件不良的限制,甚至在退潮時刻,也能行進到離海岸甚遠的一些內陸沙港,容易突破法軍的封鎖。</span></span></div>
<div class="E487 list-type-buNone" id="E487" is="qowt-point-para" qowt-eid="E487" qowt-level="0" style="background-color: white; counter-increment: none; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0px; pointer-events: none; text-indent: -12pt; white-space: nowrap;">
<span class="qowt-font1-Arial" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E486" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="E487 list-type-buNone" id="E487" is="qowt-point-para" qowt-eid="E487" qowt-level="0" style="background-color: white; counter-increment: none; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0px; pointer-events: none; text-indent: -12pt; white-space: nowrap;">
<span class="qowt-font1-Arial" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E486" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span class="qowt-font1-Arial" id="E510" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E510" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto;">陶德記錄:</span><span class="qowt-font3" id="E512" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E512" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto;">目前什麼都缺、什麼都貴。……說到偷渡,澎湖及台灣府稍北的國賽港、布袋嘴、魍港十分猖獗,即或東北季風期,戎克船也能克服風向,一溜煙的鑽進鑽出,法國砲船也拿他們沒辦法。</span></span></span></div>
<div class="E487 list-type-buNone" id="E487" is="qowt-point-para" qowt-eid="E487" qowt-level="0" style="background-color: white; counter-increment: none; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0px; pointer-events: none; text-indent: -12pt; white-space: nowrap;">
<span class="qowt-font1-Arial" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E486" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span class="qowt-font3" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E512" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div class="E532 list-type-buNone" id="E532" is="qowt-point-para" qowt-eid="E532" qowt-level="0" style="background-color: white; counter-increment: none; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0px; pointer-events: none; text-indent: -12pt; white-space: nowrap;">
<span class="qowt-font1-Arial" id="E531" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E531" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">*砲彈為戰時紀念品</span></span></div>
<div class="E532 list-type-buNone" id="E532" is="qowt-point-para" qowt-eid="E532" qowt-level="0" style="background-color: white; counter-increment: none; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0px; pointer-events: none; text-indent: -12pt; white-space: nowrap;">
<span class="qowt-font1-Arial" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E531" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="E487 list-type-buNone" id="E487" is="qowt-point-para" qowt-eid="E487" qowt-level="0" style="background-color: white; counter-increment: none; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0px; pointer-events: none; text-indent: -12pt; white-space: nowrap;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span class="qowt-font1-Arial" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E486" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span></span></div>
<div class="E537 list-type-buNone" id="E537" is="qowt-point-para" qowt-eid="E537" qowt-level="0" style="background-color: white; counter-increment: none; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0px; pointer-events: none; text-indent: -12pt; white-space: nowrap;">
<span class="qowt-font1-Arial" id="E536" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E536" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">由於淡水天後不佳,加以當時技術問題,發射砲彈很多,未爆彈也很多。聽說彈片、砲彈價格好,台人無論老少都乘隙撿拾至市場販賣。當中也有台人在撿拾過程中,因好奇敲打未爆彈而不慎引爆炸死的不幸事件,在陶德的紀錄裡就有四起,總傷亡人數甚至比一次戰事的傷亡數字還多。</span></span></div>
<div class="E537 list-type-buNone" id="E537" is="qowt-point-para" qowt-eid="E537" qowt-level="0" style="background-color: white; counter-increment: none; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0px; pointer-events: none; text-indent: -12pt; white-space: nowrap;">
<span class="qowt-font1-Arial" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E536" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="E556 list-type-buNone" id="E556" is="qowt-point-para" qowt-eid="E556" qowt-level="0" style="background-color: white; counter-increment: none; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0px; pointer-events: none; text-indent: -12pt; white-space: nowrap;">
<span class="qowt-font1-Arial" id="E555" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E555" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">*富人內渡、窮人與外商留守</span></span></div>
<div class="E558 hideBullet list-type-buNone" id="E558" is="qowt-point-para" qowt-eid="E558" qowt-level="0" style="background-color: white; counter-increment: none; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin-right: 0pt; min-height: 3em; padding: 0pt 0px; pointer-events: none; white-space: nowrap;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="E537 list-type-buNone" id="E537" is="qowt-point-para" qowt-eid="E537" qowt-level="0" style="background-color: white; counter-increment: none; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0px; pointer-events: none; text-indent: -12pt; white-space: nowrap;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span class="qowt-font1-Arial" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E536" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span></span></div>
<div class="E565 list-type-buNone" id="E565" is="qowt-point-para" qowt-eid="E565" qowt-level="0" style="background-color: white; counter-increment: none; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0px; pointer-events: none; text-indent: -12pt; white-space: nowrap;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span class="qowt-font1-Arial" id="E560" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E560" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;">台灣民眾同仇敵慨合力抵抗外敵時,有錢的華商早在戰爭前便做好包船離台的準備:「</span><span class="qowt-font3" id="E562" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E562" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;">多麗塔(Dorita)船由一些華籍富商以每個月九百銀元租用。萬一法軍攻打淡水 ,這些華籍富商的妻子、親友將搭此船內渡。</span><span class="qowt-font1-Arial" id="E564" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E564" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;">」</span></span></div>
<div class="E565 list-type-buNone" id="E565" is="qowt-point-para" qowt-eid="E565" qowt-level="0" style="background-color: white; counter-increment: none; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0px; pointer-events: none; text-indent: -12pt; white-space: nowrap;">
<span class="qowt-font1-Arial" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E564" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="E565 list-type-buNone" id="E565" is="qowt-point-para" qowt-eid="E565" qowt-level="0" style="background-color: white; counter-increment: none; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0px; pointer-events: none; text-indent: -12pt; white-space: nowrap;">
<span class="qowt-font1-Arial" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E564" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="line-height: 38.4px;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">法軍因考量中立國關係,給了英國僑民兩次離開的機會。但,陶德表示這麼急迫的臨時通知,根本沒辦法讓他們安排處理好商務再逃離台灣 。洋商們及海關人員都幾乎未曾離開,戰爭期間全被撤到淡水由英軍保護。</span></span></span></div>
<div class="E565 list-type-buNone" id="E565" is="qowt-point-para" qowt-eid="E565" qowt-level="0" style="background-color: white; counter-increment: none; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0px; pointer-events: none; text-indent: -12pt; white-space: nowrap;">
<span class="qowt-font1-Arial" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E564" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="line-height: 38.4px;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div class="E608 list-type-buNone" id="E608" is="qowt-point-para" qowt-eid="E608" qowt-level="0" style="background-color: white; counter-increment: none; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0px; pointer-events: none; text-indent: -12pt; white-space: nowrap;">
<span class="qowt-font1-Arial" id="E607" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E607" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">*戰時冷清的新年</span></span></div>
<div class="E610 hideBullet list-type-buNone" id="E610" is="qowt-point-para" qowt-eid="E610" qowt-level="0" style="background-color: white; counter-increment: none; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin-right: 0pt; min-height: 3em; padding: 0pt 0px; pointer-events: none; white-space: nowrap;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="E565 list-type-buNone" id="E565" is="qowt-point-para" qowt-eid="E565" qowt-level="0" style="background-color: white; counter-increment: none; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0px; pointer-events: none; text-indent: -12pt; white-space: nowrap;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span class="qowt-font1-Arial" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E564" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span></span></div>
<div class="E613 list-type-buNone" id="E613" is="qowt-point-para" qowt-eid="E613" qowt-level="0" style="background-color: white; counter-increment: none; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0px; pointer-events: none; text-indent: -12pt; white-space: nowrap;">
<span class="qowt-font1-Arial" id="E612" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E612" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">1885年2月15日為農曆新年,由於時值戰時關係,官府下令不許百姓燃放炮竹過節,以免分不清的炮聲徒增雙方緊張。而守軍們為了避免農曆年節歡樂慶祝過度,值勤打瞌睡被上級懲處,或是給法軍有可趁之機,也特意提早了幾天慶祝 。許多貧苦百姓因戰時失去工作,頓失收入經濟困難,再加上封鎖遙遙無期,本應歡樂的氣氛,就在這樣的愁苦心情下,戰時台人過了一個很「安靜」又鬱悶無奈的新年。</span></span></div>
<div class="E613 list-type-buNone" id="E613" is="qowt-point-para" qowt-eid="E613" qowt-level="0" style="background-color: white; counter-increment: none; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0px; pointer-events: none; text-indent: -12pt; white-space: nowrap;">
<span class="qowt-font1-Arial" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E612" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="E613 list-type-buNone" id="E613" is="qowt-point-para" qowt-eid="E613" qowt-level="0" style="background-color: white; counter-increment: none; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0px; pointer-events: none; text-indent: -12pt; white-space: nowrap;">
<span class="qowt-font1-Arial" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E612" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #da0002; font-weight: bold; line-height: 57.6px; text-indent: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">台茶危機</span></span></span></div>
<div class="E634 list-type-buNone" id="E634" is="qowt-point-para" qowt-eid="E634" qowt-level="0" style="background-color: white; counter-increment: none; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0px; pointer-events: none; text-indent: -12pt; white-space: nowrap;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span class="qowt-font1-Arial" id="E631" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E631" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;">*</span><span class="qowt-font1-Arial" id="E633" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E633" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;">茶葉在陶德引進中國茶和福州製茶師之後,台灣茶開始成為重要出口商品。大稻埕躍為茶葉及洋行集中地,自此北台經濟就以茶葉生產與出口為重心,茶葉成為外銷大宗。</span></span></div>
<div class="E636 hideBullet list-type-buNone" id="E636" is="qowt-point-para" qowt-eid="E636" qowt-level="0" style="background-color: white; counter-increment: none; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin-right: 0pt; min-height: 2.4em; padding: 0pt 0px; pointer-events: none; white-space: nowrap;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="E641 list-type-buNone" id="E641" is="qowt-point-para" qowt-eid="E641" qowt-level="0" style="background-color: white; counter-increment: none; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0px; pointer-events: none; text-indent: -12pt; white-space: nowrap;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span class="qowt-font1-Arial" id="E638" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E638" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;">* </span><span class="qowt-font1-Arial" id="E640" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E640" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;">因戰事與封鎖,1884年開戰初期大稻埕茶市交易停頓,到了十月貿易全面停擺。</span></span></div>
<div class="E643 hideBullet list-type-buNone" id="E643" is="qowt-point-para" qowt-eid="E643" qowt-level="0" style="background-color: white; counter-increment: none; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin-right: 0pt; min-height: 2.4em; padding: 0pt 0px; pointer-events: none; white-space: nowrap;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="E613 list-type-buNone" id="E613" is="qowt-point-para" qowt-eid="E613" qowt-level="0" style="background-color: white; counter-increment: none; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0px; pointer-events: none; text-indent: -12pt; white-space: nowrap;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span class="qowt-font1-Arial" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E612" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span></span></div>
<div class="E648 list-type-buNone" id="E648" is="qowt-point-para" qowt-eid="E648" qowt-level="0" style="background-color: white; counter-increment: none; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0px; pointer-events: none; text-indent: -12pt; white-space: nowrap;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span class="qowt-font1-Arial" id="E645" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E645" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;">*</span><span class="qowt-font1-Arial" id="E647" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E647" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;">陶德認為,茶葉無法出口一事,對台灣的影響不僅只有貿易損失,而是擴及整個以茶為生的經濟鎖鍊,尤其是在封鎖持續下,台茶可能就此失去在國際市場的競爭優勢。</span></span></div>
<div class="E648 list-type-buNone" id="E648" is="qowt-point-para" qowt-eid="E648" qowt-level="0" style="background-color: white; counter-increment: none; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0px; pointer-events: none; text-indent: -12pt; white-space: nowrap;">
<span class="qowt-font1-Arial" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E647" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="E667 list-type-buNone" id="E667" is="qowt-point-para" qowt-eid="E667" qowt-level="0" style="background-color: white; counter-increment: none; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0px; pointer-events: none; text-indent: -12pt; white-space: nowrap;">
<span class="qowt-font1-Arial" id="E666" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E666" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">*鉛料被視為戰爭物資,在未正式開放封鎖之前,仍在禁運清單之列。</span></span></div>
<div class="E669 hideBullet list-type-buNone" id="E669" is="qowt-point-para" qowt-eid="E669" qowt-level="0" style="background-color: white; counter-increment: none; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin-right: 0pt; min-height: 3em; padding: 0pt 0px; pointer-events: none; white-space: nowrap;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="E648 list-type-buNone" id="E648" is="qowt-point-para" qowt-eid="E648" qowt-level="0" style="background-color: white; counter-increment: none; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0px; pointer-events: none; text-indent: -12pt; white-space: nowrap;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span class="qowt-font1-Arial" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E647" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span></span></div>
<div class="E672 list-type-buNone" id="E672" is="qowt-point-para" qowt-eid="E672" qowt-level="0" style="background-color: white; counter-increment: none; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0px; pointer-events: none; text-indent: -12pt; white-space: nowrap;">
<span class="qowt-font1-Arial" id="E671" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E671" style="color: red; cursor: text; display: inline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">鉛是製造子彈和砲彈的材料。</span></span></div>
<div class="E672 list-type-buNone" id="E672" is="qowt-point-para" qowt-eid="E672" qowt-level="0" style="background-color: white; counter-increment: none; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0px; pointer-events: none; text-indent: -12pt; white-space: nowrap;">
<span class="qowt-font1-Arial" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E671" style="color: red; cursor: text; display: inline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiydQM8l4etlhueoB9VY7mK5rM0vTI_Xhz7P0MB2yw3QYDjEdA1tsYdMyvdvjcRHVKYtbWiguA2PWl0FBncvQacEyQbEb3PkN5fsDyN1fcZe8Ipw1UjIriwVBLqcyVG1bUFa-qWKMN6TvDi/s1600/%25E8%259E%25A2%25E5%25B9%2595%25E5%25BF%25AB%25E7%2585%25A7+2016-01-27+17.51.01.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiydQM8l4etlhueoB9VY7mK5rM0vTI_Xhz7P0MB2yw3QYDjEdA1tsYdMyvdvjcRHVKYtbWiguA2PWl0FBncvQacEyQbEb3PkN5fsDyN1fcZe8Ipw1UjIriwVBLqcyVG1bUFa-qWKMN6TvDi/s320/%25E8%259E%25A2%25E5%25B9%2595%25E5%25BF%25AB%25E7%2585%25A7+2016-01-27+17.51.01.png" width="320" /></span></a></div>
<div class="E672 list-type-buNone" id="E672" is="qowt-point-para" qowt-eid="E672" qowt-level="0" style="background-color: white; counter-increment: none; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0px; pointer-events: none; text-indent: -12pt; white-space: nowrap;">
<span style="line-height: 1.2; text-indent: -12pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">*不過,茶葉出口也需要鉛。</span></span></div>
<div class="E693 hideBullet list-type-buNone" id="E693" is="qowt-point-para" qowt-eid="E693" qowt-level="0" style="background-color: white; counter-increment: none; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin-right: 0pt; min-height: 1.8em; padding: 0pt 0px; pointer-events: none; white-space: nowrap;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="E613 list-type-buNone" id="E613" is="qowt-point-para" qowt-eid="E613" qowt-level="0" style="background-color: white; counter-increment: none; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0px; pointer-events: none; text-indent: -12pt; white-space: nowrap;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span class="qowt-font1-Arial" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E612" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span></span></div>
<div class="E708 list-type-buNone" id="E708" is="qowt-point-para" qowt-eid="E708" qowt-level="0" style="background-color: white; counter-increment: none; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0px; pointer-events: none; text-indent: -12pt; white-space: nowrap;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span class="qowt-font2-TimesNewRoman" id="E695" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E695" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;">由於</span><span class="qowt-font2-TimesNewRoman" id="E697" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E697" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;">茶葉需保持乾燥,因此茶箱著重</span><span class="qowt-font2-TimesNewRoman" id="E699" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E699" style="color: blue; cursor: text; display: inline; white-space: pre-wrap;">防潮</span><span class="qowt-font2-TimesNewRoman" id="E701" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E701" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;">結構,以</span><span class="qowt-font2-TimesNewRoman" id="E703" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E703" style="color: red; cursor: text; display: inline; white-space: pre-wrap;">鉛</span><span class="qowt-font2-TimesNewRoman" id="E705" is="qowt-point-run" link="http://knowledge.digitalarchives.tw/list.jsp?kid=2639287&oids=3986787,5025353,4857520,3981702,5042175,5042177,3857547,3857489,3857548,3316604" qowt-eid="E705" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; text-decoration: underline !important; white-space: pre-wrap;">焊接</span><span class="qowt-font2-TimesNewRoman" id="E707" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E707" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;">成方形容器,外層釘上杉木板成木箱,置入以油紙包裝的茶葉,最後以鉛密封並蓋上箱蓋。有時還會罩上一層麻布袋或籐編包裝,邊緣甚至會以條狀金屬再加以密封。</span></span></div>
<div class="E708 list-type-buNone" id="E708" is="qowt-point-para" qowt-eid="E708" qowt-level="0" style="background-color: white; counter-increment: none; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0px; pointer-events: none; text-indent: -12pt; white-space: nowrap;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span class="qowt-font2-TimesNewRoman" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E707" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="E708 list-type-buNone" id="E708" is="qowt-point-para" qowt-eid="E708" qowt-level="0" style="background-color: white; counter-increment: none; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0px; pointer-events: none; text-indent: -12pt; white-space: nowrap;">
<span class="qowt-font2-TimesNewRoman" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E707" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span class="qowt-font1-Arial" id="E731" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E731" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto;">*陶德特別提到了</span><span class="qowt-font1-Arial" id="E733" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E733" style="color: blue; cursor: text; display: inline;">木炭</span><span class="qowt-font1-Arial" id="E735" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E735" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto;">及</span><span class="qowt-font1-Arial" id="E737" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E737" style="color: blue; cursor: text; display: inline;">樟腦</span><span class="qowt-font1-Arial" id="E739" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E739" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto;">極缺的原因在於:清法戰爭時山區客家人被徵召從軍抗法,原先從原住民手中佔來的土地便被其再度取回,因此木炭與樟腦無法如常輸出,陶德認為戰後恐怕免不了又有一場土地爭奪戰要重演。</span></span></span></div>
<div class="E708 list-type-buNone" id="E708" is="qowt-point-para" qowt-eid="E708" qowt-level="0" style="background-color: white; counter-increment: none; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0px; pointer-events: none; text-indent: -12pt; white-space: nowrap;">
<span class="qowt-font2-TimesNewRoman" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E707" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span class="qowt-font1-Arial" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E739" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div class="E708 list-type-buNone" id="E708" is="qowt-point-para" qowt-eid="E708" qowt-level="0" style="background-color: white; counter-increment: none; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0px; pointer-events: none; text-indent: -12pt; white-space: nowrap;">
<span class="qowt-font2-TimesNewRoman" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E707" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #da0002; font-weight: bold; line-height: 57.6px; text-indent: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">戰後殘破景象</span></span></span></div>
<div class="E766 list-type-buNone" id="E766" is="qowt-point-para" qowt-eid="E766" qowt-level="0" style="background-color: white; counter-increment: none; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0px; pointer-events: none; text-indent: -12pt; white-space: nowrap;">
<span class="qowt-font1-Arial" id="E765" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E765" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">*淡水遭封鎖,但基隆遭佔領,毀損更重。陶德記錄:「基隆幾已全毀。。。」</span></span></div>
<div class="E768 hideBullet list-type-buNone" id="E768" is="qowt-point-para" qowt-eid="E768" qowt-level="0" style="background-color: white; counter-increment: none; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin-right: 0pt; min-height: 3em; padding: 0pt 0px; pointer-events: none; white-space: nowrap;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="E708 list-type-buNone" id="E708" is="qowt-point-para" qowt-eid="E708" qowt-level="0" style="background-color: white; counter-increment: none; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0px; pointer-events: none; text-indent: -12pt; white-space: nowrap;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span class="qowt-font2-TimesNewRoman" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E707" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span></span></div>
<div class="E771 list-type-buNone" id="E771" is="qowt-point-para" qowt-eid="E771" qowt-level="0" style="background-color: white; counter-increment: none; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0px; pointer-events: none; text-indent: -12pt; white-space: nowrap;">
<span class="qowt-font1-Arial" id="E770" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E770" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">*戰後仇視洋人,攻擊洋行。</span></span></div>
<div class="E771 list-type-buNone" id="E771" is="qowt-point-para" qowt-eid="E771" qowt-level="0" style="background-color: white; counter-increment: none; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0px; pointer-events: none; text-indent: -12pt; white-space: nowrap;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="E771 list-type-buNone" id="E771" is="qowt-point-para" qowt-eid="E771" qowt-level="0" style="background-color: white; counter-increment: none; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0px; pointer-events: none; text-indent: -12pt; white-space: nowrap;">
<span class="qowt-font1-Arial" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E770" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #da0002; font-weight: bold; line-height: 57.6px; text-indent: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">台灣觀察側寫</span></span></span></div>
<div class="E794 list-type-buNone" id="E794" is="qowt-point-para" qowt-eid="E794" qowt-level="0" style="background-color: white; counter-increment: none; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0px; pointer-events: none; text-indent: -12pt; white-space: nowrap;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span class="qowt-font1-Arial" id="E791" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E791" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;">*十九世紀的台灣,由於氣候濕熱變化大,加上衛生條件不佳,有許多風土病 -> </span><span class="qowt-font1-Arial" id="E793" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E793" style="color: blue; cursor: text; display: inline; font-weight: bold; white-space: pre-wrap;">季節性流行病</span></span></div>
<div class="E796 hideBullet list-type-buNone" id="E796" is="qowt-point-para" qowt-eid="E796" qowt-level="0" style="background-color: white; counter-increment: none; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin-right: 0pt; min-height: 3em; padding: 0pt 0px; pointer-events: none; white-space: nowrap;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="E771 list-type-buNone" id="E771" is="qowt-point-para" qowt-eid="E771" qowt-level="0" style="background-color: white; counter-increment: none; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0px; pointer-events: none; text-indent: -12pt; white-space: nowrap;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span class="qowt-font1-Arial" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E770" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span></span></div>
<div class="E801 list-type-buNone" id="E801" is="qowt-point-para" qowt-eid="E801" qowt-level="0" style="background-color: white; counter-increment: none; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0px; pointer-events: none; text-indent: -12pt; white-space: nowrap;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span class="qowt-font1-Arial" id="E798" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E798" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;">*清法兩軍到台灣後經常水土不服,死於風土病的人數比起戰場上的傷亡還多,也嚴重影響雙方的士氣與軍力。</span><span class="qowt-font1-Arial" id="E800" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E800" style="color: blue; cursor: text; display: inline; font-weight: bold; white-space: pre-wrap;">對法軍來說,在福爾摩沙最可怕的敵人不是清軍,而是各種難以醫治的風土病與惡劣天氣。</span></span></div>
<div class="E801 list-type-buNone" id="E801" is="qowt-point-para" qowt-eid="E801" qowt-level="0" style="background-color: white; counter-increment: none; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0px; pointer-events: none; text-indent: -12pt; white-space: nowrap;">
<span class="qowt-font1-Arial" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E800" style="color: blue; cursor: text; display: inline; font-weight: bold; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="E801 list-type-buNone" id="E801" is="qowt-point-para" qowt-eid="E801" qowt-level="0" style="background-color: white; counter-increment: none; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0px; pointer-events: none; text-indent: -12pt; white-space: nowrap;">
<span class="qowt-font1-Arial" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E800" style="color: blue; cursor: text; display: inline; font-weight: bold; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span class="qowt-font1-Arial" id="E821" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E821" style="color: black; cursor: text; display: inline; font-weight: normal;">*陶德記錄:</span><span class="qowt-font3" id="E823" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E823" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto;">本地爆發霍亂,很多人因之死亡,這是每年8月台灣必然流行的病疫。神像遊街繞行,幾乎每天舉行,鞭炮、銅鑼日以繼夜響個不停。更夫增加二倍,他們用竹棒互擊作響,藉以嚇走惡魔,一般人很難在這種情況下入睡</span><span class="qowt-font1-Arial" id="E825" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E825" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto;">。(</span><span class="qowt-font1-Arial" id="E827" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E827" style="color: red; cursor: text; display: inline;">霍亂是本有的季節性流行病,但有沒有因為戰爭而更嚴重呢?)</span></span></span><br />
<span class="qowt-font1-Arial" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E800" style="color: blue; cursor: text; display: inline; font-weight: bold; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span class="qowt-font1-Arial" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E827" style="color: red; cursor: text; display: inline;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div class="E851 list-type-buNone" id="E851" is="qowt-point-para" qowt-eid="E851" qowt-level="0" style="background-color: white; counter-increment: none; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0px; pointer-events: none; text-indent: -12pt; white-space: nowrap;">
<span class="qowt-font1-Arial" id="E850" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E850" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">*在Jean的信件裡多次提及有關華人作戰割首領賞的事情。</span></span></div>
<div class="E853 hideBullet list-type-buNone" id="E853" is="qowt-point-para" qowt-eid="E853" qowt-level="0" style="background-color: white; counter-increment: none; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin-right: 0pt; min-height: 3em; padding: 0pt 0px; pointer-events: none; white-space: nowrap;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="E708 list-type-buNone" id="E708" is="qowt-point-para" qowt-eid="E708" qowt-level="0" style="background-color: white; counter-increment: none; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0px; pointer-events: none; text-indent: -12pt; white-space: nowrap;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span class="qowt-font2-TimesNewRoman" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E707" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span></span></div>
<div class="E858 list-type-buNone" id="E858" is="qowt-point-para" qowt-eid="E858" qowt-level="0" style="background-color: white; counter-increment: none; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0px; pointer-events: none; text-indent: -12pt; white-space: nowrap;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span class="qowt-font1-Arial" id="E855" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E855" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;">*</span><span class="qowt-font1-Arial" id="E857" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E857" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;">1884/10/08法軍在淡水搶灘作戰。此役清國稱為滬尾大捷。被捕的法國軍官楓丹上尉(Capitaine Fontaine)及戰死的法國士兵均被斬首,懸於福佑宮前,經法方透過英國領事交涉才取下。</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span class="qowt-font1-Arial" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E857" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="E879 list-type-buNone" id="E879" is="qowt-point-para" qowt-eid="E879" qowt-level="0" style="background-color: white; counter-increment: none; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0px; pointer-events: none; text-indent: -12pt; white-space: nowrap;">
<span class="qowt-font1-Arial" id="E878" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E878" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">*戰場上的清兵常為割取敵人首級而拖累作戰速度,或利用埋伏方式以取敵人首級,法軍除了戰死可能無法全屍外,甚至連病死的人也無法倖免地成為「金錢獵殺」的對象。</span></span></div>
<div class="E881 hideBullet list-type-buNone" id="E881" is="qowt-point-para" qowt-eid="E881" qowt-level="0" style="background-color: white; counter-increment: none; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin-right: 0pt; min-height: 3em; padding: 0pt 0px; pointer-events: none; white-space: nowrap;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="E858 list-type-buNone" id="E858" is="qowt-point-para" qowt-eid="E858" qowt-level="0" style="background-color: white; counter-increment: none; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0px; pointer-events: none; text-indent: -12pt; white-space: nowrap;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span class="qowt-font1-Arial" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E857" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span></span></div>
<div class="E888 list-type-buNone" id="E888" is="qowt-point-para" qowt-eid="E888" qowt-level="0" style="background-color: white; counter-increment: none; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0px; pointer-events: none; text-indent: -12pt; white-space: nowrap;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span class="qowt-font1-Arial" id="E883" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E883" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;">*</span><span class="qowt-font1-Arial" id="E885" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E885" style="color: #0066d8; cursor: text; display: inline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Jean批華人是個不打仗但會暗殺、盜首的齷齪可恥民族</span><span class="qowt-font1-Arial" id="E887" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E887" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;">。</span></span></div>
<div class="E888 list-type-buNone" id="E888" is="qowt-point-para" qowt-eid="E888" qowt-level="0" style="background-color: white; counter-increment: none; line-height: 1.2; list-style-type: none; margin-left: 27pt; margin-right: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0px; pointer-events: none; text-indent: -12pt; white-space: nowrap;">
<span class="qowt-font1-Arial" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E887" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="E913 list-type-buNone" id="E913" is="qowt-point-para" qowt-eid="E913" qowt-level="0" style="background-color: white; counter-increment: none; line-height: 1.38; list-style-type: none; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0px; pointer-events: none; text-indent: 0pt; white-space: nowrap;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span class="qowt-font1-Arial" id="E908" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E908" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;">*在陶德的報導中也紀錄著原住民的出草行為:「</span><span class="qowt-font3" id="E910" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E910" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;">淡水河邊洋行區前草皮,聚集很多看熱鬧的人,興致勃勃的欣賞高插在竹竿上的兩顆原住民首級。首級獵於離大稻埕四小時路程的山區</span><span class="qowt-font1-Arial" id="E912" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E912" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;">。」。</span></span></div>
<div class="E916 list-type-buNone" id="E916" is="qowt-point-para" qowt-eid="E916" qowt-level="0" style="background-color: white; counter-increment: none; line-height: 1.38; list-style-type: none; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0px; pointer-events: none; text-indent: 0pt; white-space: nowrap;">
<span class="qowt-font1-Arial" id="E915" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E915" style="color: red; cursor: text; display: inline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">(如何知道首級是出草而來,戰時原住民仍然出草?原文均無解釋,對此點存疑。)</span></span></div>
<div class="E916 list-type-buNone" id="E916" is="qowt-point-para" qowt-eid="E916" qowt-level="0" style="background-color: white; counter-increment: none; line-height: 1.38; list-style-type: none; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0px; pointer-events: none; text-indent: 0pt; white-space: nowrap;">
<span class="qowt-font1-Arial" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E915" style="color: red; cursor: text; display: inline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="E943 list-type-buNone" id="E943" is="qowt-point-para" qowt-eid="E943" qowt-level="0" style="background-color: white; counter-increment: none; line-height: 1.38; list-style-type: none; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0px; pointer-events: none; text-indent: 0pt; white-space: nowrap;">
<span class="qowt-font1-Arial" id="E942" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E942" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">*除了對賞金獵頭這件事不解和憤怒以外,對於斬首之刑,法國人一樣無法接受。</span></span></div>
<div class="E945 hideBullet list-type-buNone" id="E945" is="qowt-point-para" qowt-eid="E945" qowt-level="0" style="background-color: white; counter-increment: none; line-height: 1.38; list-style-type: none; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; min-height: 3.45em; padding: 0pt 0px; pointer-events: none; text-indent: 0pt; white-space: nowrap;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="E916 list-type-buNone" id="E916" is="qowt-point-para" qowt-eid="E916" qowt-level="0" style="background-color: white; counter-increment: none; line-height: 1.38; list-style-type: none; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0px; pointer-events: none; text-indent: 0pt; white-space: nowrap;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span class="qowt-font1-Arial" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E915" style="color: red; cursor: text; display: inline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span></span></div>
<div class="E948 list-type-buNone" id="E948" is="qowt-point-para" qowt-eid="E948" qowt-level="0" style="background-color: white; counter-increment: none; line-height: 1.38; list-style-type: none; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0px; pointer-events: none; text-indent: 0pt; white-space: nowrap;">
<span class="qowt-font2-TimesNewRoman" id="E947" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E947" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Jean表示,對於台灣人民理所當然的從容態度,他用像喝一杯咖啡似的,來形容台人看待斬首處決是多麼的稀鬆平常。</span></span></div>
<div class="E948 list-type-buNone" id="E948" is="qowt-point-para" qowt-eid="E948" qowt-level="0" style="background-color: white; counter-increment: none; line-height: 1.38; list-style-type: none; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0px; pointer-events: none; text-indent: 0pt; white-space: nowrap;">
<span class="qowt-font2-TimesNewRoman" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E947" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="E969 list-type-buNone" id="E969" is="qowt-point-para" qowt-eid="E969" qowt-level="0" style="background-color: white; counter-increment: none; line-height: 1.38; list-style-type: none; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0px; pointer-events: none; text-indent: 0pt; white-space: nowrap;">
<span class="qowt-font1-Arial" id="E968" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E968" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">*台灣夏天有季節性流行病,所以也有各種宗教活動以驅邪避凶、祈求病魔遠離,最盛大的是大稻埕霞海城隍祭典。</span></span></div>
<div class="E971 hideBullet list-type-buNone" id="E971" is="qowt-point-para" qowt-eid="E971" qowt-level="0" style="background-color: white; counter-increment: none; line-height: 1.38; list-style-type: none; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; min-height: 3.45em; padding: 0pt 0px; pointer-events: none; text-indent: 0pt; white-space: nowrap;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="E948 list-type-buNone" id="E948" is="qowt-point-para" qowt-eid="E948" qowt-level="0" style="background-color: white; counter-increment: none; line-height: 1.38; list-style-type: none; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0px; pointer-events: none; text-indent: 0pt; white-space: nowrap;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span class="qowt-font2-TimesNewRoman" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E947" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span></span></div>
<div class="E980 list-type-buNone" id="E980" is="qowt-point-para" qowt-eid="E980" qowt-level="0" style="background-color: white; counter-increment: none; line-height: 1.38; list-style-type: none; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0px; pointer-events: none; text-indent: 0pt; white-space: nowrap;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span class="qowt-font1-Arial" id="E973" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E973" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;">*作者提及陶德記錄:「</span><span class="qowt-font3" id="E975" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E975" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;">個個拿著利器猛砍全身,即使血流不止也不喊痛,有的甚至用長竹刺穿臉頰</span><span class="qowt-font1-Arial" id="E977" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E977" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;">」-></span><span class="qowt-font1-Arial" id="E979" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E979" style="color: blue; cursor: text; display: inline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Tâng-ki,這種儀式現在也還有。</span></span></div>
<div class="E980 list-type-buNone" id="E980" is="qowt-point-para" qowt-eid="E980" qowt-level="0" style="background-color: white; counter-increment: none; line-height: 1.38; list-style-type: none; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0px; pointer-events: none; text-indent: 0pt; white-space: nowrap;">
<span class="qowt-font1-Arial" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E979" style="color: blue; cursor: text; display: inline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="E1005 list-type-buNone" id="E1005" is="qowt-point-para" qowt-eid="E1005" qowt-level="0" style="background-color: white; counter-increment: none; line-height: 1.38; list-style-type: none; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0px; pointer-events: none; text-indent: 0pt; white-space: nowrap;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span class="qowt-font1-Arial" id="E1000" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E1000" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;">*戰爭期間也有發生排外教事件,陶德記載:「</span><span class="qowt-font3" id="E1002" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E1002" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;">1884年十月不斷有新店、艋舺、大龍峒教堂被砸毀的消息,暴民還揚言欲攻擊大稻埕的洋行</span><span class="qowt-font1-Arial" id="E1004" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E1004" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;">。」</span></span></div>
<div class="E1007 hideBullet list-type-buNone" id="E1007" is="qowt-point-para" qowt-eid="E1007" qowt-level="0" style="background-color: white; counter-increment: none; line-height: 1.38; list-style-type: none; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; min-height: 3.45em; padding: 0pt 0px; pointer-events: none; text-indent: 0pt; white-space: nowrap;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="E1012 list-type-buNone" id="E1012" is="qowt-point-para" qowt-eid="E1012" qowt-level="0" style="background-color: white; counter-increment: none; line-height: 1.38; list-style-type: none; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0px; pointer-events: none; text-indent: 0pt; white-space: nowrap;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span class="qowt-font1-Arial" id="E1009" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E1009" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;">*</span><span class="qowt-font1-Arial" id="E1011" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E1011" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;">究竟台民是因反外而反教?還是長久以來的反教情緒因戰爭而再次觸發衝突?其複雜成因中何種情緒為多雖難以區分,但教會確實因此成為受迫害對象。</span></span></div>
<div class="E1012 list-type-buNone" id="E1012" is="qowt-point-para" qowt-eid="E1012" qowt-level="0" style="background-color: white; counter-increment: none; line-height: 1.38; list-style-type: none; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0px; pointer-events: none; text-indent: 0pt; white-space: nowrap;">
<span class="qowt-font1-Arial" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E1032" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #da0002; font-weight: bold; line-height: 57.6px;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">華人與原住民</span></span></span></div>
<div class="E1012 list-type-buNone" id="E1012" is="qowt-point-para" qowt-eid="E1012" qowt-level="0" style="background-color: white; counter-increment: none; line-height: 1.38; list-style-type: none; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0px; pointer-events: none; text-indent: 0pt; white-space: nowrap;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span class="qowt-font1-Arial" id="E1032" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E1032" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;">*Jean形容華人長得像黃猴子:「</span><span class="qowt-font3" id="E1034" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E1034" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;">我們法國人好的像法國麵包一樣的好,對這些黃猴子並無惡意,他們細小往上拉的眼睛看起來就像獼猴的臉孔……不過這些獼猴的尾巴是長在頭上,而不是長在…別的地方。」 、「他們很機靈、很狡猾、愛吹毛求疵,可是碰到清楚明確又合邏輯的事情,卻又找不到人了,應當承認東方人就是如此。」 、「自古以來他們都會露出小精靈似的樣子和鑽孔機洞口般的眼睛……就是這樣。</span><span class="qowt-font1-Arial" id="E1036" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E1036" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;">」</span></span></div>
<div class="E1012 list-type-buNone" id="E1012" is="qowt-point-para" qowt-eid="E1012" qowt-level="0" style="background-color: white; counter-increment: none; line-height: 1.38; list-style-type: none; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0px; pointer-events: none; text-indent: 0pt; white-space: nowrap;">
<span class="qowt-font1-Arial" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E1036" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="E1070 list-type-buNone" id="E1070" is="qowt-point-para" qowt-eid="E1070" qowt-level="0" style="background-color: white; counter-increment: none; line-height: 1.38; list-style-type: none; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0px; pointer-events: none; text-indent: 0pt; white-space: nowrap;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span class="qowt-font1-Arial" id="E1057" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E1057" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;">*</span><span class="qowt-font1-Arial" id="E1059" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E1059" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;">Jean對台灣原住民的描述也充滿種族歧視,他說生番也像是猴子一樣醜陋,不僅骨瘦如柴而且懶惰,寧可幾天不吃飯也不願意去工作,</span><span class="qowt-font1-Arial" id="E1061" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E1061" style="color: #0066d8; cursor: text; display: inline; white-space: pre-wrap;">把身體塗的藍藍</span><span class="qowt-font1-Arial" id="E1063" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E1063" style="color: #0066d8; cursor: text; display: inline; white-space: pre-wrap;">的</span><span class="qowt-font1-Arial" id="E1065" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E1065" style="color: #0066d8; cursor: text; display: inline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(?)</span><span class="qowt-font1-Arial" id="E1067" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E1067" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;">,</span><span class="qowt-font1-Arial" id="E1069" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E1069" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;">身上穿極少的衣服,甚至只有披著一條繩子,整天都在吸煙,特別喜歡吃老鼠 </span></span></div>
<div class="E1073 list-type-buNone" id="E1073" is="qowt-point-para" qowt-eid="E1073" qowt-level="0" style="background-color: white; counter-increment: none; line-height: 1.38; list-style-type: none; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0px; pointer-events: none; text-indent: 0pt; white-space: nowrap;">
<span class="qowt-font1-Arial" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E1072" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="E1100 list-type-buNone" id="E1100" is="qowt-point-para" qowt-eid="E1100" qowt-level="0" style="background-color: white; counter-increment: none; line-height: 1.38; list-style-type: none; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0px; pointer-events: none; text-indent: 0pt; white-space: nowrap;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span class="qowt-font1-Arial" id="E1093" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E1093" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;">*</span><span class="qowt-font1-Arial" id="E1095" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E1095" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;">陶德在台灣的時間較久。他的觀察指出:「</span><span class="qowt-font3" id="E1097" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E1097" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;">漢人婦女...掩齒竊笑、扭捏作態的小腳福佬女。」「平埔族婦女...天足不綁小腳、長相甜美步伐堅定有力,對人真誠恭謙,說話自然不做作</span><span class="qowt-font1-Arial" id="E1099" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E1099" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;">。」</span></span></div>
<div class="E1102 hideBullet list-type-buNone" id="E1102" is="qowt-point-para" qowt-eid="E1102" qowt-level="0" style="background-color: white; counter-increment: none; line-height: 1.38; list-style-type: none; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; min-height: 2.76em; padding: 0pt 0px; pointer-events: none; text-indent: 0pt; white-space: nowrap;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="E1073 list-type-buNone" id="E1073" is="qowt-point-para" qowt-eid="E1073" qowt-level="0" style="background-color: white; counter-increment: none; line-height: 1.38; list-style-type: none; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0px; pointer-events: none; text-indent: 0pt; white-space: nowrap;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span class="qowt-font1-Arial" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E1072" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span></span></div>
<div class="E1105 list-type-buNone" id="E1105" is="qowt-point-para" qowt-eid="E1105" qowt-level="0" style="background-color: white; counter-increment: none; line-height: 1.38; list-style-type: none; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0px; pointer-events: none; text-indent: 0pt; white-space: nowrap;">
<span class="qowt-font1-Arial" id="E1104" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E1104" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">*陶德對客家人的印象較好,他認為客家人對於台灣山區土地開發確實有相當的貢獻,比起官府「開山撫番」要有用的多,常與原住民女通婚,是漢人與原住民間的緩衝,也是原住民漢化的重要因素。</span></span></div>
<div class="E1105 list-type-buNone" id="E1105" is="qowt-point-para" qowt-eid="E1105" qowt-level="0" style="background-color: white; counter-increment: none; line-height: 1.38; list-style-type: none; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0px; pointer-events: none; text-indent: 0pt; white-space: nowrap;">
<span class="qowt-font1-Arial" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E1104" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="E1128 list-type-buNone" id="E1128" is="qowt-point-para" qowt-eid="E1128" qowt-level="0" style="background-color: white; counter-increment: none; line-height: 1.38; list-style-type: none; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0px; pointer-events: none; text-indent: 0pt; white-space: nowrap;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span class="qowt-font1-Arial" id="E1125" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E1125" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;">*</span><span class="qowt-font1-Arial" id="E1127" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E1127" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;">華人凡事好奇難被信任。</span></span></div>
<div class="E1131 list-type-buNone" id="E1131" is="qowt-point-para" qowt-eid="E1131" qowt-level="0" style="background-color: white; counter-increment: none; line-height: 1.38; list-style-type: none; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0px; pointer-events: none; text-indent: 0pt; white-space: nowrap;">
<span class="qowt-font1-Arial" id="E1130" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E1130" style="color: blue; cursor: text; display: inline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">陶德認為華人真是凡事好奇又愛湊熱鬧,而且總愛捕風捉影、語帶誇張,因此他常需要審慎判斷、辨明傳言與情報之真偽。</span></span></div>
<div class="E1136 list-type-buNone" id="E1136" is="qowt-point-para" qowt-eid="E1136" qowt-level="0" style="background-color: white; counter-increment: none; line-height: 1.38; list-style-type: none; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0px; pointer-events: none; text-indent: 0pt; white-space: nowrap;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span class="qowt-font2-TimesNewRoman" id="E1133" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E1133" style="color: blue; cursor: text; display: inline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Jean</span><span class="qowt-font1-Arial" id="E1135" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E1135" style="color: blue; cursor: text; display: inline; white-space: pre-wrap;">也說信任華人就跟信賴一條腐爛的繩子沒有兩樣。</span></span></div>
<div class="E1141 list-type-buNone" id="E1141" is="qowt-point-para" qowt-eid="E1141" qowt-level="0" style="background-color: white; counter-increment: none; line-height: 1.38; list-style-type: none; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0px; pointer-events: none; text-indent: 0pt; white-space: nowrap;">
<span class="qowt-font1-Arial" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E1140" style="color: red; cursor: text; display: inline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="E1168 list-type-buNone" id="E1168" is="qowt-point-para" qowt-eid="E1168" qowt-level="0" style="background-color: white; counter-increment: none; line-height: 1.38; list-style-type: none; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0px; pointer-events: none; text-indent: 0pt; white-space: nowrap;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span class="qowt-font1-Arial" id="E1163" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E1163" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;">*</span><span class="qowt-font1-Arial" id="E1165" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E1165" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;">Jean另外指出:華人又髒又臭品味差:</span><span class="qowt-font3" id="E1167" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E1167" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;">他們又醜,又髒,又臭,我們想像不出中國人身上到底有什麼味道,他跟我們所認識的各種味道都不同。手帕上噴點中國人的精華油,怎麼樣?呸!</span></span></div>
<div class="E1170 hideBullet list-type-buNone" id="E1170" is="qowt-point-para" qowt-eid="E1170" qowt-level="0" style="background-color: white; counter-increment: none; line-height: 1.38; list-style-type: none; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; min-height: 2.07em; padding: 0pt 0px; pointer-events: none; text-indent: 0pt; white-space: nowrap;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="E1177 list-type-buNone" id="E1177" is="qowt-point-para" qowt-eid="E1177" qowt-level="0" style="background-color: white; counter-increment: none; line-height: 1.38; list-style-type: none; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0px; pointer-events: none; text-indent: 0pt; white-space: nowrap;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span class="qowt-font1-Arial" id="E1172" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E1172" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;">*罹患砍頭偏執症、工作勤奮如馬驢。</span><span class="qowt-font2-TimesNewRoman" id="E1174" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E1174" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;">Jean:</span><span class="qowt-font3" id="E1176" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E1176" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;">當我把一位抬起的時候,就算他不太會唬人,發出的尖叫聲卻會把人的魂魄撕開來,因為他以為我們要把他的頭砍下來…</span></span></div>
<div class="E1141 list-type-buNone" id="E1141" is="qowt-point-para" qowt-eid="E1141" qowt-level="0" style="background-color: white; counter-increment: none; line-height: 1.38; list-style-type: none; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0px; pointer-events: none; text-indent: 0pt; white-space: nowrap;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span class="qowt-font1-Arial" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E1140" style="color: red; cursor: text; display: inline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span></span></div>
<div class="E1180 list-type-buNone" id="E1180" is="qowt-point-para" qowt-eid="E1180" qowt-level="0" style="background-color: white; counter-increment: none; line-height: 1.38; list-style-type: none; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0px; pointer-events: none; text-indent: 0pt; white-space: nowrap;">
<span class="qowt-font3" id="E1179" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E1179" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">一個中國人,我們把一個重擔套在他頭上,他會毫不猶豫的拉起來就走,一直走到該去的地方,把東西卸下來,然後回來,再走一趟,全部作業都不會中斷,好像永不停止的機器,爬上爬下都難不倒他們。</span></span></div>
<div class="E1180 list-type-buNone" id="E1180" is="qowt-point-para" qowt-eid="E1180" qowt-level="0" style="background-color: white; counter-increment: none; line-height: 1.38; list-style-type: none; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0px; pointer-events: none; text-indent: 0pt; white-space: nowrap;">
<span class="qowt-font3" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E1179" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="E1205 list-type-buNone" id="E1205" is="qowt-point-para" qowt-eid="E1205" qowt-level="0" style="background-color: white; counter-increment: none; line-height: 1.38; list-style-type: none; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0px; pointer-events: none; text-indent: 0pt; white-space: nowrap;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span class="qowt-font1-Arial" id="E1202" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E1202" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;">*</span><span class="qowt-font1-Arial" id="E1204" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E1204" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;">官場貪污嚴重,陶德指出:「孫開華將軍(當時淡水守將)「君子愛財,取之有道」,如紳士般的懂得如何適度的取得「津貼」」!</span></span></div>
<div class="E1207 hideBullet list-type-buNone" id="E1207" is="qowt-point-para" qowt-eid="E1207" qowt-level="0" style="background-color: white; counter-increment: none; line-height: 1.38; list-style-type: none; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; min-height: 2.76em; padding: 0pt 0px; pointer-events: none; text-indent: 0pt; white-space: nowrap;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="E1210 list-type-buNone" id="E1210" is="qowt-point-para" qowt-eid="E1210" qowt-level="0" style="background-color: white; counter-increment: none; line-height: 1.38; list-style-type: none; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0px; pointer-events: none; text-indent: 0pt; white-space: nowrap;">
<span class="qowt-font1-Arial" id="E1209" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E1209" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">*當差、當官的好像都沒有不拿之理,只是手法各有不同,但大家不僅心知肚明還視是理所當然,想要得到服務或方便,都得遵守此不成文規定。</span></span></div>
<div class="E1180 list-type-buNone" id="E1180" is="qowt-point-para" qowt-eid="E1180" qowt-level="0" style="background-color: white; counter-increment: none; line-height: 1.38; list-style-type: none; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0px; pointer-events: none; text-indent: 0pt; white-space: nowrap;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span class="qowt-font3" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E1179" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #da0002; font-weight: bold; line-height: 57.6px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">結語</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span class="qowt-font1-Arial" id="E1230" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E1230" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;">*此二份歐洲人的觀察記錄文本,可見以歐人角度親身觀察描繪的十九世紀末台灣</span><span class="qowt-font1-Arial" id="E1232" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E1232" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;">,可</span><span class="qowt-font1-Arial" id="E1234" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E1234" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;">作為觀察清法戰役與當時台灣的另一視野,亦兼可瞭解在台法兵及洋商之心境際遇。</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span class="qowt-font1-Arial" id="E1237" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E1237" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;">*</span><span class="qowt-font1-Arial" id="E1239" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E1239" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;">清</span><span class="qowt-font1-Arial" id="E1241" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E1241" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;">法戰爭帶來的影響是台灣發展自此重北輕南,更強化了官紳合作的經營模式,這也是一個視此戰役為重要關鍵可深入探討之研究。</span><span class="qowt-font1-Arial" id="E1243" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E1243" style="color: red; cursor: text; display: inline; white-space: pre-wrap;">此推論如何達成,作者並未深入論述?</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span class="qowt-font1-Arial" id="E1246" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E1246" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;">*此戰役為清政府面對西方列強首次足以匹敵的一場現代化戰爭。</span><span class="qowt-font1-Arial" id="E1248" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E1248" style="color: red; cursor: text; display: inline; white-space: pre-wrap;">但除了北台灣戰場,清國軍隊小勝之外,整體戰爭結果不利於清國?!</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span class="qowt-font1-Arial" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E1248" style="color: red; cursor: text; display: inline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span class="qowt-font1-Arial" id="E1251" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E1251" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;">*</span><span class="qowt-font1-Arial" id="E1253" is="qowt-point-run" qowt-eid="E1253" style="cursor: text; display: inline; pointer-events: auto; white-space: pre-wrap;">本文研究分析也多以書中敘述面向為主,舉凡相關教育、藝術或婦女…等議題,不在兩位歐洲人的關注之內,本文也因而付之闕如,未來值得更進一步從長時間的歷史觀察,進行多面向的比較分析,以瞭解歐洲人對台灣的觀點及其變化,甚至可以加入其他東方國家,如日本等國對台灣的觀察,來與西方國家做相互比較,都是很值得再深入研究的議題。</span></span></div>
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formosanerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02414754260824769522noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5858441145873820517.post-2213806733395896362016-01-24T21:22:00.000+08:002016-01-25T10:30:10.846+08:00蘭嶼,Tao,仍然神秘的螃蟹文化? - 反思跨領域研究<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">這篇簡短的評論是對以下兩篇學術論文的迴響: <br /><br />(一)劉炯錫等 (1999). 蘭嶼漁人部落潮間帶螃蟹文化之調查研究. 臺東師院學報, 10, 201–214. <br /><br />(二)劉炯錫(2013). 臺東原住民螃蟹文化初探. 臺灣博物季刊, 119, 32, 3: 46 - 49. <br /><br /> 劉炯錫老師是台東大學生命科學系的教授,民族生態學是他的專長之一,可以算是人類學大範疇中的一個小分枝。 閱讀了他1999的論文以及2013的論文後,忍不住想給點建議,如下: </span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"> 1999年劉教授等人所發表的論文,是對蘭嶼的Tao(達悟)族群生態人類學的初步調查。生態人類學是對各個族群(ethnic group)對其如何適應其所生存的環境,以及在這樣的適應中所發展出的文化的探討研究。Tao人生活在蘭嶼島上,是台灣原住民中與海最親近的民族;因為蘭嶼位在黑潮流經處,帶來的迴游魚類是Tao的重要資源,因此許多研究均以飛魚為核心,談討Tao對飛魚的使用以及相關文化,而本文另闢蹊徑,探討Tao對海岸資源的使用,從內文論述中證明了Tao對海岸資源的使用不遜色於下海捕魚,而且,在海岸上採集螃蟹,也發展出不同於飛魚的「螃蟹文化」。<br /><br /> 由於劉教授等人的專業背景是生物學,因此,他們首先對所採集到的螃蟹分類,共得六顆二十五種。然後他們再根據生物學分類對比Tao詞彙以及經由訪談所得的「文化意義」製得比較表如下:<br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFClsWD_vCVTkfRtuQR9vLkERF3CE9Eg4aOzacojwY808c4u-6gSrRpRCZuVW32Rm-HBQetBaxUFWXIdj07wvgZAJpQyaWXnODg4NbGfNtGKqcJMIT2Pn_xiu8gGOQ9D2y72JO26wA5L1n/s1600/%25E8%259E%25A2%25E5%25B9%2595%25E5%25BF%25AB%25E7%2585%25A7+2016-01-24+20.48.57.png"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFClsWD_vCVTkfRtuQR9vLkERF3CE9Eg4aOzacojwY808c4u-6gSrRpRCZuVW32Rm-HBQetBaxUFWXIdj07wvgZAJpQyaWXnODg4NbGfNtGKqcJMIT2Pn_xiu8gGOQ9D2y72JO26wA5L1n/s1600/%25E8%259E%25A2%25E5%25B9%2595%25E5%25BF%25AB%25E7%2585%25A7+2016-01-24+20.48.57.png" /></a></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">螃蟹的生物學分類、Tao詞彙以及文化意義對照表。取自劉炯錫,1999。</span></span></div>
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文章中也描述了螃蟹的採集地,Tao人的禁忌,等等。可惜的是,本篇只是對於蘭嶼漁人部落對螃蟹的分類,以及其文化象徵進行搜集和整理,缺乏更深入的探討。再者, 以螃蟹為核心的採集,或可更擴張為「採集文化」。這種對海岸的適應與利用,可與台灣其他原住民,跨國南島語族,進行跨文化比較,也許囿限於作者學術專業的背景,如此重要的人類學課題往後未見作者有更進一步的探討研究。<br /><br /><br /> 而關於在此篇中所描述的Tao螃蟹文化之詮釋,我以為至少有幾點可以更深入的論述:<br /><span style="background-color: yellow;"><br />1. 「螃蟹文化」中隱藏著<span style="color: red;">交感巫術</span>。</span><br /><br />比如:<br /><span style="color: blue;">男人...如能第一眼即看見環紋金沙蟹 (Kaluluk) 、長趾方蟹(Palatpatan)及蜑螺(KuRvuRvan)...表示其小孩會如環紋金沙蟹(Kaluluk)的名字一樣--長壽;而長 趾方蟹(Palatpatan)則是祝福小孩能像此蟹一樣的勤快、有精神。但是如第一眼 即看到四肢不完整的螃蟹、或海鰻或醜陋的海洋生物,表示他的小孩容易早夭, 或者未來將會遭遇不幸或不順的象徵。 </span><br /><br /><span style="color: blue;">不論何種螃蟹,只要身體缺腳、缺螯等不完整的,孕婦就不可食用,因為怕生出來的小孩會如螃蟹一樣,缺手缺腳。 </span><br /><br /><span style="color: blue;">男人不可食用的...褶痕厚紋蟹(Kaiipet)是因其行為之故...男人互相打鬥會一直繞著對方,或仇恨時會跟蹤對方,就如此種螃蟹一樣,所以男人不可食用...。而敗的一方仍不可食用,因為怕會如此蟹一樣逃跑。光手酋婦蟹(Mavala su mata)是因它的眼睛紅紅的,當男人打鬥時,對方若比你強壯,你只有眼睛發紅乾瞪眼,就如此蟹一樣眼睛紅紅的...。 而隆背瓢蟹(Civet)是因其名字是陷害之意,所以最好也不要吃,以免被陷害。 </span><br /><br />交感巫術(</span>sympathetic magic)是人們用來解釋現象的一種方法。其意即人事物之間具有某種連繫,彼此會互相感應。依此而來的解釋(與操作)是模擬:相似的彼此之間會相生(like produce like),和效力相似於其成因(effect resembles its cause)。</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Tao對於螃蟹和生小孩,以及男人鬥毆之間的「關係」,明顯的以模擬的交感概念解釋此種現象。然而,關於男人鬥毆與螃蟹的比擬,除了以交感巫術理解這種解釋外,這其實更可能是Tao族群內部社會控制的機制哩。</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /><span style="background-color: yellow;">2. 螃蟹文化中有對邪靈(anito)的禁忌,飛魚文化中則無此禁忌(飛魚、鬼頭刀都是神聖的象徵)。</span><br /><br />如下,對邪靈的禁忌:<br /><span style="color: blue;">不會進入墳場採集。 <br /><br />長得奇形怪狀或顏色奇特,他們認為這樣的螃蟹是屬於陰間魔鬼的食物,而人是不可以食用 的,否則會生病,甚至死亡。 </span><br /><br /><span style="background-color: yellow;">3. 對於海岸所可以採集到的螃蟹,他們都會進行命名與分類,而非僅止於可食用的螃蟹而已。這暗示著,Tao的傳統文化與海岸採集非常密切,並且他們對海岸的知識可能遠超過我們的想像。</span><br /><br /><br /> 2013年劉炯錫教授所寫的刊載於臺灣博物季刊的短論文,原以為該文中有更進一步的論述跟發想,很可惜的是,該文只是1999年論文的精華整理而已。<br /><br /> <span style="background-color: lime;"> 「<b>語言是文化的載體</b>」</span>,<u>要了解Tao的螃蟹文化豈能不了解Tao的語言</u>?從這個角度出發,我認為(針對1999年的論文)至少應該有類似以下的補充:<br /><br />1<span style="background-color: yellow;">. 作者認為光手酋婦蟹的Tao名稱不知其意義,但是Mavala su mata:Mavala是厚殼的意思,mata是眼睛</span>,而這種螃蟹長相如下:<br /><br /><img src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/v-Pbi5HWOs_QEWWqdorwMfeGrouLSencbCyrmVZA1uOc2YXDs8ldoeaHwxEC4Ll83G557fSqYlMo2EEFPHMQJC_MNv6UMY4RWXJkGSYbLTBN1jWL7ukglAEZTwaOUdNHtEub-ok" /></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">長</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">得殼厚眼睛大。他的命名應該跟外表有關。</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br />因為對語言不熟悉所造成的訛誤解釋在這個研究中還有如下:<br /><br /><span style="background-color: yellow;">2. 作者認為螃蟹在其文化具有重要的角色,然而採集文化與漁獵文化,兩者應該要進行比較分析,才不至於將螃蟹的重要性過度推論。</span>採集螃蟹或許只是整個「採集活動/文化」的一部份。<br /><br /><span style="color: blue;">作者引用董森永(1997)的研究,指「Minganangana 為螃蟹祭」,然而此祭典是跟隨在招漁祭半個月後,其核心似乎仍然圍繞著飛魚。(ngana是字根,意思是餽贈;nganangana是餽贈食品,mi- 主事者焦點,互相,構成 mi-nganangana:互相餽贈食物。此祭典的似乎不是圍繞「螃蟹」為核心,稱其為「慰勞祭」較為恰當。<span style="background-color: cyan;">(補充:近幾年來,</span></span></span><span style="background-color: cyan;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Minganangana已經被正名為慰勞祭。</span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">)</span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><br />3. <span style="background-color: yellow;">雙齒毛足蟹Nanadang,作者亦認為其名稱不知意義</span>。不過,光輝瘤蟹Nanadang no anito,是Nanadang的一種,但卻是魔鬼的食物,人不可食用。對照現在的生物學分類,<span style="background-color: yellow;">兩者都是扇蟹科的螃蟹,而其外型也有相似之處(如下圖)</span>。作者並未對這樣的分類系統更進一步闡述。<br /><br /><img height="256" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/HZ2czvyD71bBI0OhgouEmBIS7J9jHSeu-BuzvDUqtAJP7zGaZdsmJiQnb9L5WxNDPLJ5h7Yoy6NF6fXpHKFHcoWyjTNtsGvEzHkEYEWmsQlGZ_d1vyQIK95EnfCHItLr9RuZ-b4" width="640" /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;">同樣的分類情形也發生在銅鑄熟若蟹citow,肉球皺蟹citow no anito;前者可食用(老人),後者不可食用。然而,現代生物學卻告訴我們,前者有劇毒,後者無毒。後者不可食用,是否因為牠跟光輝瘤蟹一樣,外表有凸起呢(見下圖,肉球皺蟹)?或者,作者其實將兩者弄相反了呢?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img height="299" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/HF3WYcutFL_C_QqsluEMl-UIRQJcKodTk59YVdxvBEDEr6b2wgvYlSNG52j8vLbKp6majw1U-X8R1Q5boACKRTT1HPp9wTg0VjufZGeOHiXVyKfUU_nHOA5tgCW9d-i9XMreISg" width="400" /><br /><br /></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="background-color: yellow; font-size: large;">作者並未詳細比較Tao的螃蟹分類系統與現代生物學分類系統的異同、聯繫,以及其中可能的意義。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"> 最後,關於蘭嶼,我的一點想法:長期以來,我們對蘭嶼的討論,均理所當然的把它擺放在台灣的框架下討論。然而,蘭嶼雖然在清國時期被納入版圖,但是他與台灣歷史上互動關係似乎仍然缺少深入討論。對於類似這樣的研究:民族XX學,領域橫跨了生物學和人類學(甚至語言學),僅僅依靠單一領域的專家試圖回答此類提問,顯然力有未殆。</span></div>
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